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Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is uncommon among young adults and may

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Background: The best way to reduce the occurrence of arrhythmias that generally occur after an open heart surgery is to improve the quality of myocardial protection against reperfusion damage during the cross-clamp time. In this regard, different cardioplegic solutions play a key role. Differences in the types and contents of cardioplegic solutions may lead to different results of effective protection of the myocardium. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of the newly introduced procaine hydrochloride (PHC) containing cardioplegic solution (Shahid Ghazi Pharmaceutical Co. Tabriz, Iran) and lidocaine (L) in cardioplegic solution on post aortic clamp arrhythmia in coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

The golden age of Islamic medicine (800 to 1300 CE) is a notable period in medical history. Medical education in this period of time was significant and systematic in Islamic territory. In the early Golden Age of Islamic Medicine, Abū Zayd Ḥunain ibn Isḥāq al-'Ibādī, an exceptional scholar and translator, emerged. He was known as Johannitius in medieval Europe. Al-Masā‘il fī al-tibb lil-Mutāllimīn ( Questions on Medicine for Students) was written by Hunain ibn Isḥāq. This book remains a definitive text on Islamic medicine and has been printed and published widely in Europe. Al-Masā‘il fī al-tibb is written in the style of questions and answers which is distinct from the conventional writing style of medical books on Islamic medicine. The current article reviews Al-Masā‘il fī al-tibb and its distinguishing style, the question and answer format. Today, the question-and-answer method is a popular method of medical education, and clinical teachers tend to use it in medical education because of the advantages it offers. The use of this method in Al-Masā‘il fī al-tibb for education and examination of medical students by Ḥunain ibn Isḥāq reflects a great improvisation in medical education and introduces him as the leading developer of the question-and-answer method in Islamic medical education.