Background:The presence of pathogenic bacteria in circulated currency was recorded as a public health hazard. In this study, all examined Sudanese banknotes (100%) were found to be contaminated by gram-negative bacteria. Proteus mirabilis were recovered from 10 examined notes (22.2%, f = 10), E. coli (13.3%, f = 6) andKlebsiella spp. (8.9%, f = 4) were also identified. Only the most resistant P. mirabilis isolate was identified using culture-based and 16S rRNA gene sequencing techniques. Methods: Proteus isolates were identified phenotypically and tested for their susceptibility to 16 of commonly used antibiotics, then most resistant isolate was confirmed genotypically via 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing.Bioinformatics analysis using BLAST for sequence similarity search, Clustal W program for multiple sequence alignment, MEGA7 software for phylogenetic analysis. Tree was constructed to show the evolutionary relationships of the obtained sequence with similar sequences in the databases using. Results: The obtained sequence was found to be 100% identical to P. mirabilis 16S rRNA gene using BLAST. The phylogenetic tree was constructed to show the evolutionary relationships of the obtained sequence with similar sequences in the databases using MEGA7 software, and the closest strain was found to be P. mirabilis strain from India (EU411047). Conclusion:This study has shown that some currency notes circulated at Khartoum transportation are carriers of antimicrobial-resistant P. mirabilis that could be potential source for their transmission in public.

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Abstract16S rRNA gene sequence analysis is a robust tool for Background: characterization of new pathogens in clinical specimens with suspected bacterial disease. The aim of this study was to characterize Pseudomonas isolated from clinical specimens by sequencing the 16S rRNA aeruginosa gene.Forty bacterial isolates were obtained from different clinical Methods: specimens (wound, urine and sputum) using enrichment selective media and biochemical tests to characterize and identify the bacteria as P. aeruginosa. DNA was extracted from using the Chelex method. A universal P. aeruginosa primer was used to amplify 16S rRNA genes by a conventional PCR technique. The amplified PCR products were sequenced, and the sequences were viewed by Finch TV program version 1.4.0. The identity and similarity of the nucleotide sequence of the isolated strains was detected by comparing them with published sequences using BLASTn. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using Phylogeny.fr software.Sequence analysis by BLASTn displayed high similarity and identity Results: with from China KX461910, Australia JN609194 and with other P. aeruginosa isolates from the GenBank database. P. aeruginosaOur observation of isolates from different origin sites, further Conclusions: show the utility of 16s rRNA PCR amplification. This reveals the high specify of the primers and accuracy of the PCR. Thus, 16S rRNA sequencing can be used to identify genetically atypical isolates from different origins. P. aeruginosa

Background: Recurrent pregnancy loss is defined by the consecutive loss of two or more pregnancies with the same partner. Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) or recurrent miscarriage (RM) affects from 1-5% of the reproductive age couples. This diagnosis is both emotionally challenging and confusing for most couples, as the definitive diagnosis using conventional evaluations is found in fewer than half of the couples experiencing repeated loss. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inherited heterozygosity of factor five Leiden (FVL) G1691A and Its relation to the time of recurrent spontaneous pregnancy loss. Materials and methods: Retrospective case- control study, in which women with RPL were compared to healthy women without any evidence of spontaneous abortion. This study was undertaken at Omdurman maternity hospital in Khartoum state, Sudan. The case group consisted of one hundred women who experienced at least three or more consecutive recurrent spontaneous pregnancy loss that occurred before 20 weeks of gestation and the control group consisted of ninety five healthy women without any history of adverse pregnancy outcome.Questionnaire and direct interview were used to collect information. Genotyping was based on polymerase chain reaction. Data were entered and analyzed by SPSS program version 17.0. Result: Heterozygosity for FVL alleles G/A was 8.0% in all cases and 6.4% was found in control group. Related to association with time of recurrent pregnancy loss our result shows three times (37.5%), four times (50.0%) and five times (12.5%). Conclusion: Heterozygosity of FV Leiden G1691A could be one reason for recurrent pregnancy loss and pregnancy complications among women with unexplained pregnancy loss. Our study showed that there is an association between heterozygosity for FVL G1691A and time of recurrent pregnancy loss.

Aims: This study aimed to investigate the lipids profile, APOA genotype with malaria infection. It was hypothesized that the malaria parasite uses cholesterol and phospholipids from its host, resulting in a decrease in serum HDL. Study Design: A cross-sectional hospital -based study.  Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted during the transmission season between July to November 2020 in different hospitals and centers in Elfasher city. Methodology: We included (39 men and 64 female), 57.3% were adults and 42.7% were children, plasmodium falciparum infection, with clinical symptoms and signs of uncomplicated malaria. Parasites density, lipids profile and APOA genotyping were assayed. Results: The mean level of CHOL and TG was 134.7 mg/dl and 73.0 mg/dl, respectively, and the average levels of LDL and HDL are 56.6 mg/dl and 56.2 mg/dl, respectively. The G/G genotypes of APOA were identified in 94.2% of the patients compared to other APOA genotypes. The overall allele frequency for the G allele was 96.0%, and the T allele was 3.9% using the Hardy-Weinberg distribution. Conclusion: In conclusions, the lipids profile and APOA genotype were not associated with uncomplicated malaria.