This article examines whether the state, through conditional cash transfer programs (CCT), can reduce the poverty and extremely poverty in societies marred by high levels of income concentration. We focus on one of the most unequal countries in the globe, Brazil, and analyze the extent to which this country's CCT program -Bolsa Família (BF, Family Grant) program -is able to improve the life chances of extremely poor beneficiaries, through the three major goals of PBF: First, to immediately end hunger; second, to create basic social rights related to healthcare and education; finally, considering also complementary policies, to integrate adults into the job market. The analysis relies on a quantitative survey with 4,000 beneficiaries and a qualitative survey comprised of in-depth interviews with 38 program's participants from all the regions of the country in 2008, it means that this study is about the five first years of the PBF. In order to answer the research questions, we ran four probit analyses related: a) the determinants of the realization of prenatal care; b) the determinants of food security among BF beneficiaries, c) the determinants that adult BF recipients will return to school, d) the determinants that a BF beneficiary will obtain a job. Important results from the study are: First, those who before their participation on PBF were at the margins have now been able to access healthcare services on a more regular basis. Thus, the women at the margins who were systematically excluded -black women, poorly educated and from the North -now, after their participation in the CCT program, have more access to prenatal care and can now count with more availability of public healthcare network. Second, before entering the Bolsa Família program, 50.3% of the participants faced severe food insecurity. This number went down to 36.8% in very five years. Men are more likely than women; non-blacks more likely than blacks; and South and Centre-West residents more likely than Brazilians from other regions; to become food secure while participating in BF. Third, instead, that moment in 2008, a small proportion of the adult participants indeed were able to return to school and to increase their educational qualifications. The lack of technical skills and the huge predominance of informal employment are central social problems in Brazil and that the PBF has failed to address such issues. This study confirms what other previous studies have reported on: BF has had a positive impact in reducing poverty in the country. Hence the main contribution of the present study is in identifying the main determinants of unequal results among individuals participating in the BF program: why some, but not others, are more easily able to access the healthcare or to overcome food insecurity while in the program? KEYWORDS: conditional cash transfer programs (CCT); family grant; food security; extremely poverty in Brazil; social rights in Brazil.Recebido em 17 de Fevereiro de 2014. Aprovado em 30 de Março de 2014.
Resumo: Este artigo consolida resultados de uma pesquisa realizada em dez municípios brasileiros, que buscou analisar a dinâmica de acompanhamento das condicionalidades de saúde do Programa Bolsa Família. A ideia central consistiu em abordar variáveis que poderiam afetar o desempenho municipal na gestão do programa, tais como: porte populacional e magnitude da população a ser coberta; estrutura e capacidade técnico-gerencial dos municípios; oferta e organização da Atenção Básica em Saúde e arranjos intersetoriais.
Este artigo tem como objeto a inserção da população quilombola nas políticas definidas pelo Programa Nacional de Habitação Rural. Lançando mão de dados coletados em pesquisas recentes, discutimos as características das comunidades quilombolas que têm acessado a moradia por esta via. Os elementos que caracterizam a construção destas unidades habitacionais, são apresentados e avaliados a partir da relação com o desenho do Programa e com os gargalos operacionais que se impõem ao processo de implementação.
Este paper empreende a análise de dados qualitativos coletados em escolas de Ideb alto, médio e baixo de todas as regiões brasileiras. Nosso objetivo foi perceber como vem se orquestrando o entendimento sobre infrequência e evasão escolar no ensino público. A partir de um levantamento do estado da arte das discussões sobre o tema, identificamos seis grupos explicativos dos motivos que favorecem a manutenção deste fenômeno (exclusão na escola, inadequação do sistema de ensino, fenômeno político macrossocial, aluno problema, despossessão de capital social e vulnerabilidade social). Em seguida, procedemos à análise dos dados e conjugamos as perspectivas teóricas com os dados da pesquisa. O estudo aponta que os profissionais identificam a pressão do trabalho sobre os alunos como um aspecto fundamental para explicar a não adesão à escola, mas também sinalizam que a "resolução" do problema depende, ainda, de aspectos ligados à política de educação em sentido local e geral.
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