The critical micro-vascular complications of diabetes ultimately result in renal dysfunction known as diabetic nephropathy (DN). Measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is considered to be an important parameter in renal function assessment, evaluating GFR by Creatinine level. Recently, Cystatin C is used as a substitute indicator in several studies to assess diabetic nephropathy. This work was conceived to determine whether serum cystatinC would replace serum creatinine (Scr) in patients with type2 diabetes for early evaluation of nephropathy. A Case-Control Study was enrolled on 30 Patients with diabetic and 30 apparently healthy as control, aged between 25 - 83 years. Levels of serum cystatine C and serum Creatinine were calculated for both groups. Serum Creatinine, as well as serum cystatin C levels, was significant relationship with diabetic pt. in compared to non-diabetic individuals. ROC analysis noted the cystatinC was more predict indicator in diagnosed Diabetic Nephropathy (DNP) from Serum Creatinine level. In Type 2 diabetics, CystatinC is a good marker for uncontrolled diabetic nephropathy relative to serum creatinine.

This study aims to assess the quality of drinking water in Karbala. Furthermore, the quality of tap and bottled water are compared in this study. Materials and method: Physical, chemical, and bacteriological parameters were all measured in the study. The bacteriological test includes a total count of coliform and fecal coliform, which may be detected using standard microbiology procedures. Results: In bottled water, total dissolved salts (TDS), Ca, Cl, and Mg were within acceptable ranges, like that in tap water, the mentioned parameters were within normal ranges except for regions Aborwayah, Al-wend, Al-khayrat and Al-husainia which were beyond the expected value. In terms of bacteriological tests, coliform bacteria were found in bottled water (Al-katara water and Al kafeel) samples with no E. coli bacteria. In the case of tap water samples, the findings revealed that most of the regions (9 out of 12 = 75%) had coliform bacteria growth, so (4 out of 9 = 44. 4%) had E. coli bacterium growth does not comply with the approved standards for drinking water, which must be free of the microbial content of E. .coli and coliform. Conclusion: According to the study, drinking water treatment operations are not up to par, particularly in locations outside of the city center, and bottled water is preferable to tap water for drinking. Keywords. drink water, coliform, TDS, Chloride, turbidity.

This study aims to assess the bactericidal activity of Propolis extract against methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in vivo. It included (11 male white New Zealand rabbits) evenly divided into two groups (6 animals in each one). Group I was fed daily with one milliliter of 20% extract Propolis for twenty days, while group II was fed without Propolis to serve as a control group. Ten days after the last dose, all animals were injected in intraperitoneal with single dose viable MRSA antigen at 0.5 x108 cfu/ml. After two days, blood samples that collected from all animals by heart puncture were cultured on blood agar media to assess bactericidal power activity of extract Propolis. The results pointed to effect of this extract on survive viable MRSA bacteria as compared with survive of same bacteria in control group animals. It was concluded Propolis had bactericidal power against pathogenic bacteria that appear resistant to antibiotics like MRSA bacteria.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of carvedilol and propranolol to prevent reoccurrence of esophageal variceal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis. Study Design: Place and Duration: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad, Pakistan for six months duration from 15th November 2020 to 15th May 2021. Methods: Total one hundred and forty patients of ages between 18-65 years were presented in this study. Patients detailed demographics age, sex, body mass index and Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) class were recorded after taking written informed consent. Patients were equally (n=70) divided into two groups. Group A had 70 patients and received carvedilol while group B had 70 patients and received propranolol for 6 months. Reoccurrence ofesophageal variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients among both groups were observed at 2nd, 4th and 6th months and patients pulse rate, arterial pressure and portal vein flow were recorded at these time points. Complete data was analyzed by SPSS 26.0 version. Results: Mean age of the patients in group A was 40.38 ± 5.87 years with mean BMI 28.09 ± 7.33 kg/m2 and in group B mean age was 39.43 ± 12.69 years with mean BMI 27.53 ± 8.84 kg/m2. In group A 45 (64.3%) patients were males and 25 (35.7%) were female patients while in group B 50 (71.43%) were male patients and 20 (28.7%) patients were females. We found that there was no statistically significant difference observed among both groups regarding these demographic variables. Reoccurrence of bleeding observed in group A was significantly lower (among 20 (28.6%) cases) as compared to group B (among 36 (51.43%) cases). Pulse rate, mean arterial pressure and portal vein flow was found lower in the carvedilol group as compared to propanol group with p value < 0.05 upon follow up at2,4 and 6 months. Conclusion: We found in this study that the drug carvedilol was more effective and safe to prevent reoccurrence of esophageal variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients as compared to propanol. Keywords: Cirrhotic patients, Carvedilol, Propanol, Portal vein flow, Mean arterial pressure