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Back groundTrichinellosis is a serious worldwide parasitic zoonosis. The available therapy for the treatment of Trichinella spiralis is not satisfactory. This work aimed at evaluating of the in vitro effect of silver Therefore, the recovery of effective treatment is required.nanoparticles (AgNPs) on muscle larvae of Trichinella.Methodology / principal findingThe present study investigated the larvicidal properties of chemical and myrrh AgNPs on muscle larvae (ML) of T. spiralis. The used AgNPs were chemically prepared using NaBH4 as reducing agent and biosynthesized using methanolic myrrh extract. Characterization of synthesized AgNPs was monitored via UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. The ML incubated with AgNPs at concentrations ranged from 1μg/ml to 20μg/ml.Conclusions /SignificanceChemical and biosynthesized AgNPs revealed marked larvicidal effect against ML of Trichinella. Additionally, this in vitro study showed degenerative changes affecting the cuticle of AgNPs treated ML. The effectiveness of AgNPs on the infectivity of Trichinella ML was also assessed. The results showed complete inhibition of the infectivity of ML exposed to sublethal doses of chemical and myrrh prepared AgNPs when used to infect animal models. This is the first report where myrrh synthesized AgNPs have been tested for their anthelminthic activity against Trichinella in an in vitro model.Author summaryTrichinellosis is a serious worldwide parasitic zoonosis. The available therapy for the treatment of Trichinella spiralis is not satisfactory. Therefore, the recovery of effective treatment is required. The present study investigated the larvicidal properties of chemical and myrrh AgNPs on muscle larvae (ML) of T. spiralis. The ML incubated with AgNPs at concentrations ranged from 1μg/ml to 20μg/ml. Chemical and biosynthesized AgNPs revealed marked larvicidal effect against ML of Trichinella. Additionally, this in vitro study showed degenerative changes affecting the cuticle of AgNPs treated ML. Also the results showed complete inhibition of the infectivity of ML exposed to sublethal doses of chemical and myrrh prepared AgNPs when used to infect animal models.

Avian coccidiosis remains one of the major parasitic diseases that threaten the global poultry industry. Since prevention is superior to treatment, this study focuses on eliminating the infection outside the host. To determine their effect on the viability of Eimeria tenella oocysts in vitro, allicin and alcoholic garlic extract, which are natural, less toxic, and inexpensive products, were compared to KOH 5% (chemical disinfectant) using an in vitro culture system. Three concentrations of allicin (45, 90, and 180 mg/mL) and alcoholic garlic extract (90, 180, and 360 mg/mL, were used. Subsequently, destructive and sporulation-inhibiting effects on Eimeria oocysts were detected using light and electron microscopy. Young chickens were infected with treated sporulated oocysts to determine their effect on infectivity. After 7 days pi, the percentage of excreted oocysts (oocyst shedding) was determined, and the chickens were slaughtered for histopathological examination of the cecal tissues. Under an electron microscope, allicin at a concentration of 180 mg/mL and alcoholic garlic extract at a concentration of 360 mg/mL demonstrate a high oocysticidal activity with severe destruction of the oocyst wall and the appearance of pores. In addition, both concentrations directly affected the infectivity of sporulated oocysts by reducing the shedding of oocysts and the pathological lesions of infected young chickens. We concluded that the ability of Allicin and alcoholic garlic extract to eliminate Eimeria oocysts makes them superior to chemical disinfectants as a disinfectant.

Fish are a source of high-quality protein with low cholesterol, but they are susceptible to parasitic infections, which have a significant impact on aquaculture, in addition to their zoonotic potential. The present study estimated parasitic infections and evaluated the diversity of zoonotic parasites in freshwater Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Assiut Governorate, Upper Egypt. A total of 300 samples were randomly collected from the Assiut Governorate. These fish were examined for both ectoparasites and endoparasites, followed by the experimental infection of mice with encysted metacercariae (EMC) for the retrieval of the adult worms. The overall prevalence of the variable parasites was 82% (246 of 300). Both ecto- and endoparasites were detected in 41% (123 of 300) of the examined fish. The identified ectoparasites were Gyrodactylus, Dactylogrus, Cichlidogyrus, Trichodina and Icthyophthirius multifiliis, in 5%, 4%, 22%, 6% and 4% of the fish, respectively. The endoparasites were trematodes (Orientocreadium batrachoides 3%), nematodes (Contracaecum. 2%), acanthocephala (Acanthosentis tilapiae 25%) and protozoa that included Isospora and Eimeria spp., in 1% and 8% of fish, respectively. Myxobolus was detected in 2% of the examined fish. The overall prevalence of encysted metacercariae (EMC) was 95% (285 of 300), while infection with macroscopic EMC had a prevalence of 37% and microscopic EMC had a prevalence of 58%. The adult worms recovered from the experimental infections were Prohemistomum vivax and Mesostephanus spp., which belong to the family Cyathocotylidae. Collectively, these findings reflect the relatively high occurrence of parasites among the studied fish, confirming the necessity of strict measures to control infection.

Gastrointestinal parasites have a direct effect on the health of equines. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and significance of gastrointestinal parasites of naturally infected horses in Luxor Governorate, Egypt. A total of 100 horse fecal samples were collected during the period from March -2020 to February -2021 from different ages, sexes and stables. All of these samples were examined by different fecal examination techniques including (direct wet mount, sedimentation and flotation techniques). The present study investigate that the total prevalence of infected horses was 15%. There is a relationship between the GIT infection and the age of the horse. The highest percent of infection was recorded by Strongylus vulgaris 9 % followed by Parascaris equorum 5%, while the percent of infection by Balantidium coli was 1% in infected horses. It consequence that horses are highly susceptible to Strongylus irrespective of gender and age or even deworming. Control measures should be put in consideration to totally overcome the parasitic infection.