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Management of medical or behavioural problems and delivery of pain-free dental treatment under general anaesthesia (GA) is based on specific criteria, including risks, benefits, effectiveness and expected results (Andreeva, 2018). Various methods are available to help children cope with dental treatment such as tell-show-do, desensitisation, modelling, hypnosis, sedation and GA (Strøm et al., 2015). Although expensive and posing an overall health risk to patients, GA is a tool used to provide

Objective: To assess the frequencies of various histopathological pattern of prostatic diseases in a tertiary care hospital at Karachi. Study Design: Cross Sectional Observational. Setting: Department of Pathology, Pakistan Navy Station Shifa Hospital, Karachi. Period: January 2018 to February 2019. Material & Methods: Our study comprised of 160 Prostatic specimen including prostatectomies and Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP). All malignancies were graded according to Modified Gleason score for diagnostics and to calculate the frequency. Data was evaluated by using SPSS version 23. All frequencies were determined in terms of percentages. Results: A total of 160 prostatic samples comprised of 123 (76.87%) benign and 37(23.12%) malignant cases. Both transuretheral prostatectomies (84.4%) and radical prostatectomies specimens (15.6%) were included in the study Benign cases were diagnosed as only benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) 93.49%. Moreover, additional findings observed in the benign cases alongside benign prostatic hyperplasia were Acute/chronic prostatitis in 4% samples, granulomatous prostatitis in 1.6% cases and eosinophilic prostatitis in 0.8% case. In the malignant cases, majority of the cases were of prostatic acinar adenocarcinoma n=35(94.6%) while 2(5.4%) cases exhibited transitional cell carcinoma, perineural invasion was seen in 10 cases. Conclusion: Hyperplasia of prostate was reported in majority of the cases in our set up the most individuals were in the age group was 61-70 years. Adenocarcinoma of the prostate, was less commonly diagnosed in the age group of 51-60 years.

Objective: To see the efficacy of rapid color test for the sensitivity of ceftriaxone against clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi. Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study was carried out at the department of Microbiology, Pakistan Navy Ship (PNS) Shifa Hospital, Karachi from Nov 2018 through April 2019.We tested 97 clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi by this rapid color test. All the isolates were also test by conventional disc diffusion method and MICs by Vitek-2 system. Results: Out of these isolates, 83 were ceftriaxone resistant while 14 isolates were ceftriaxone sensitive. Sensitivity and specificity of rapid color test were 100% when compared with results of disc diffusion, E-test and Vitek 2 system. All the results were readable within 2 hours on color test. Conclusion: This color test is rapid, accurate and inexpensive and can be used as a screening test for ceftriaxone resistance in typhoid endemic areas. Keywords: Ceftriaxone; drug resistance; meropenem Continuous...

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