The increasing levels of energy consumption worldwide is raising issues with respect to surpassing supply limits, causing severe effects on the environment, and the exhaustion of energy resources. Buildings are one of the most relevant sectors in terms of energy consumption; as such, efficient Home or Building Management Systems are an important topic of research. This study discusses the use of ensemble techniques in order to improve the performance of artificial neural networks models used for energy forecasting in residential houses. The case study is a residential house, located in Portugal, that is equipped with PV generation and battery storage and controlled by a Home Energy Management System (HEMS). It has been shown that the ensemble forecasting results are superior to single selected models, which were already excellent. A simple procedure was proposed for selecting the models to be used in the ensemble, together with a heuristic to determine the number of models.
RESUMOhomogeneous months and anomalous years, as well as regimes of minima and maxima wind speeds in the SSF. In general, in the groups of months that show stronger wind speeds the efficiency in the wind power production will be higher.
Artigo recebido em 15/08/2012 e aceito em 13/09/2012 R E S U M O Regiões semiáridas são particularmente sensíveis à variabilidade pluviométrica com respostas imediatas da superfície ao aumento ou redução no teor de umidade do solo e processos de evapotranspiração. Mudanças no padrão espacial e temporal das chuvas representam um fator determinante nas trocas de calor, vapor d'água e CO 2 entre o ecossistema e a atmosfera. Nesse contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o comportamento sazonal da radiação, dos fluxos de energia e CO 2 em área de caatinga. Mudanças na disponibilidade de umidade são determinantes para as alterações no regime de cobertura do dossel e impõem múltiplas adaptações à vegetação da caatinga. A redução na cobertura vegetal acarreta uma maior susceptibilidade do ambiente aos efeitos da radiação e insolação. Variações diárias da temperatura aceleram a atividade microbiana do solo e liberação de CO 2 . As análises foram concentradas no período de julho de 2004 a julho de 2005. Os resultados mostram que a maior parte da energia absorvida pela superfície foi liberada na forma de calor sensível, refletindo a resposta da vegetação a insuficiência hídrica da região. Os resultados obtidos com a análise da evolução do fluxo de carbono possibilitam concluir que no período de estiagem, embora com taxas mínimas, o bioma atua como emissor de CO 2 . Valores substancialmente mais elevados (negativos) observados no período chuvoso indicam um comportamento inverso no qual o bioma atua como sumidouro de carbono da atmosfera (sequestro de CO 2 ). Esse resultado indica a importância da conservação do bioma caatinga no controle do efeito estufa e, consequentemente, do aquecimento global. Palavras -chave: caatinga, CO 2 , semiárido Seasonal Variability Aspects of Radiation and Fluxes of Energy and CO 2 in a Caatinga Area A B S T R A C TSemiarid regions are particularly sensitive to rainfall variability with quick surface responses to an increase or decrease in soil moisture content and evapotranspiration processes. Changes in spatial and temporal rainfall patterns are a determining factor in heat, water vapor and CO2 exchanges between the ecosystem and the atmosphere. In this context, the objective in this work is to analyze the seasonal behavior of the radiation and of the energy and CO2 fluxes in a caatinga area. Changes in moisture availability dictate alterations in the canopy cover regime and lead to multiple adaptations of the caatinga vegetation. The reduction in vegetation cover causes a higher environmental susceptibility to the radiation and insolation effects. Daily temperature variations accelerate the microbial activity in the soil and the CO2 loss. Analyses were concentrated in the period from July 2004 to July 2005. The results show that most of the energy absorbed by the surface is released as sensible heat, which reflects the vegetation response to the hydrological deficiency in the region. The results obtained by analyzing the evolution of the CO2 flux allow to conclude that during the ...
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