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The Village Law has stipulated thirteen principles. One of the principles is recognition. The principle of recognition is a turning point in the reformation of the customary law of in Indonesia. The previous studies have founded recognition of the management and use of communal forest. This research focuses on the paradox of recognition of the administration of indigenous government. The implementation of Village Law has replaced the regional autonomy law: from decentralization – residual to recognition – subsidiarity. The inclusion of the principle of recognition – subsidiarity in the village law was implications for changes in the regulation of social order and governance. This research based on constructivism paradigm and qualitative method, with in depth interviews, purposive sampling, observations, and historical archivings. We had analyzed social construction of recognition to indigenous communities in ruling their government. The results indicate that the social construction of recognition in the political aspects of laws and regulations has not been able to meet the needs of indigenous peoples to arrange their government. This study questions regional approach to support the frameworks of desa adat.

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The change in the economic transition from subsistence to the formal economic system has brought about changes in the pattern of living in society, especially in farmer households. The research objective was to analyze and provide an overview of the livelihood strategies of farmer households in South Sulawesi which are gender nuanced. As well, the division of labor and time allocation based on the roles between women and men who work in each realm both formal and informal in on-farm, off-farm, and non-farm. This research uses a qualitative approach. Qualitative data were obtained through observation, interviews, literature study and secondary data in the form of previous research and disaggregated data from the Central Bureau of Statistics. Analysis of research data using qualitative analysis, where the data is processed by classification and analyzed in a qualitative narrative. The results showed that changes in the household income system of the Bugis-Makassar ethnic farmers, where women tend to prefer off-farm than on-farm. Meanwhile, involvement in agriculture is still dominated by men. Household livelihood strategies, namely men and women must play a role without limiting access, control, participation and benefits from one another. Changes in roles and time allocations were driven by an economic transition that gave rise to various alternative jobs, both off-farm and non-farm along with the increase in employment space in the formal and informal sectors.