The aim of this study was to provide morphometric, anatomic and radiographic data of the thoracic limb bones of the Patagonian Huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) including a functional interpretation of this, as a reference for clinical use, biomedical research and teaching purposes. Currently, the Patagonian huemul deer is in danger of becoming extinct due to multiple causes. Research carried out for its conservation has focused mainly on its ecology and pathology, leaving gaps in biological knowledge, which is basic and important for its comprehension. This study was conducted to reveal the gross osteology and radiology features of the thoracic limb bones of the Patagonian huemul deer. The osteological findings suggest the presence of powerful flexor muscles in the scapulohumeral and elbow joints, useful to cushion the jumps. Also, the principal nutrient foramen of Patagonian huemul differs in position with respect to domestic ungulates, which may be important to consider during surgical procedures. Finally, the radiographic data can provide new information about the tissue loading conditions in Patagonian huemul, so that this new knowledge can be of great importance for a better understanding of mechanically induced or adaptive changes in bone produced by habitat or other ecological phenomena.
Currently, the Patagonian huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) is endangered. Anatomical studies focused on understanding the anatomy of the deer most threatened by extinction in South America is a challenge for anatomists, veterinarians and biologists. Research carried out for its conservation has focused mainly on its ecology and pathology, leaving gaps in anatomical knowledge, which is basic and important for a comprehensive understanding of this species. Gross anatomy and radiography of the skeleton of the pelvic limb was performed in three adult Patagonian huemul. Bone specimens of three skeletally mature Patagonian huemul deer were used for gross osteological and radiographic studies. This study was conducted to reveal the morphometric and morphological features of the ossa membri pelvini of the Patagonian huemul. The main findings suggest the presence of powerful extensor muscles in the coxofemoral, femorotibial and tarsal joints, useful during walking, jogging and propulsion in deer. In general, the MNF of Patagonian huemul differ in position with respect to domestic ungulates. In addition, the presence of a notch or obturator canal was observed, with variability in morphology and development among the specimens.
Studies of the normal skull anatomy of the Patagonian Huemul deer are scarce.Currently, the findings of bone lesions in the skull associated with metabolic imbalances are frequent in the literature. The objective of this study was to provide anatomical and morphometric data of the cranium and facies including a morphofunctional interpretation as a reference for clinical, ecomorphological and educational purposes.Five skulls were described, measured, scanned and digitally reconstructed. The presence of a caudal projection of the vomer bone, the absence of the facial tubercle and thin bones forming the cranial cavity were observed. Linear measurements allowed the skull to be classified as dolichocephalic, hyperlepten and ultra-dolichocranial. In conclusion, the Patagonian Huemul has a long head, an extremely long skull and a very narrow face. The thickness of the bones that made up the walls of the cranial cavity suggests chronic metabolic imbalances in response to mineral deficiency. The anatomical and morphometric data obtained in this study strongly emphasizes the relevance of considering the implementation of such management policies that aim at promoting an optimal nutritional context.
NÜÑEZ-COOK, S.; GAJARDO, P.; LIZANA, P. A. VEGA-FERNANDEZ, G.; HORMAZABAL-PERALTA, A. & BINVIGNAT, O.Percepción de los estudiantes de anatomía humana frente a un método de enseñanza y aprendizaje basado en la construcción de un modelo de pelvis. Int. J. Morphol., 36(1):221-225, 2018. RESUMEN:Este estudio describe la percepción de estudiantes de anatomía humana frente a la actividad de construcción de modelos tridimensionales (3-D) a escala de pelvis. Pocos estudios evalúan la percepción de los estudiantes frente a una actividad de enseñanza y aprendizaje con modelos 3-D. La actividad se aplicó a un curso de anatomía humana de la carrera de obstetricia y puericultura a los cuales se les entregó modelos de estructuras óseas de la zona pélvica a escala real para que incorporaran las estructuras anatómicas (ligamentos, músculos, vascularización e inervación), finalizando la actividad se les entregó un cuestionario de percepción. 60 estudiantes realizaron la actividad de construcción de modelo anatómico 3-D y además completaron el cuestionario. Se reportaron niveles mayores al 93 % de estudiantes que sintieron motivación, creen que fue un facilitador del aprendizaje y que la actividad fue bien planificada. Entre los aspectos negativos se registraron: el tiempo de trabajo y los costos involucrados. Dada la positiva percepción de los estudiantes frente a las actividades de construcción de modelos anatómicos, se considera que es una metodología adecuada dentro de los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje de la anatomía humana. INTRODUCCIÓNLa anatomía humana es la ciencia más antigua que posee la historia de la educación médica formal y a la vez ha mantenido su importancia pese a las modificaciones que ha sufrido en base a convenciones de nomenclatura, terminología e incluso comprensión de esta misma (Babinski et al., 2003;Hadie et al., 2014). Del mismo modo la enseñanza de esta ciencia también se ha visto modificada, reflejándose en situaciones como las prácticas con cadáveres, pues aunque profesionales y estudiantes las consideran importantes para el logro del aprendizaje, actualmente existe una escasez de cadáveres para la enseñanza mediante disección tradicional (Babinski et al.;Collipal & Silva, 2011;Hadie et al.). Cabe destacar que el contexto tampoco es favorable, debido a que existe una disminución notoria en el contenido y número de horas para la enseñanza que se imparten en los cursos de anatomía basados en reformas de los planes de estudios médicos (Inzunza et al. 2003;Hadie et al.) y específicamente en Chile existe un aumento en el número de estudiantes por clase, lo cual genera una relación profesor / estudiante bastante preocupante (Lizana et al., 2015). Por lo tanto se han implementado nuevos métodos de enseñanza, como lo es el uso de software de simulación, módulos de autoaprendizaje, imágenes anatómicas computacionales, videos, entre otros métodos de enseñanza. El problema de estos métodos es que no logran abordar una concepción tridimensional (3-D) de la estructura anatómica adecuadamente (Collipal & Sil...
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