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The birth of modern Endodontic occurred with the appearance of NiTi rotary instruments on market around 1993. The reciprocal and continuous rotational tools are successive evolutions of the rotary motion techniques, which are closely associated with rapid cleaning and shaping of the root canal system. 1 A multitude of studies has been performed in the last years, substantiating their high efficiencies, studying their specific characteristics, proposing unifying theories, and testing possible countermeasures. 2,3 To date, however, the role of an instrument's motion in long-term researches has not been explicitly tested. Here the literature review was specifically interested in whether an instrument's motion patterns can affect its characteristics. To that end, we used a simple classification where both movements were categorized on the basis of dynamic properties such as cyclic fatigue, And biological properties (apical extrusion of bacteria). 4

Background Dentists are at risk of burnout syndrome, which can have negative impacts on their work environment and productivity. Assessing burnout is crucial for maintaining the well-being and effectiveness of dentists in their profession. The present study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) among dentists. Methods The original English version of the MBI-HSS was translated into Arabic, and then back-translated into English by experienced bilingual professionals. Lebanese dentists were asked to participate in the study between February and June 2019. Data collected included demographic information and items from the Arabic version of the MBI-HSS. Results A total of 441 people participated in the study, of whom 58.3% were men. The mean age of the sample was 39.6 years (SD = 12.8), with a range of 23 to 68 years old. Approximately 60% of dentists were specialists. Cronbach’s alphas were as follows: emotional exhaustion (alpha = 0.855), depersonalization (alpha = 0.823), and personal achievement (alpha = 0.667). The results of the test-retest reliability assessment demonstrated the strong reproducibility of the MBI-HSS [EE, ICC = 0.927 (0.845, 0.966), p-value < 0.0001; PA, ICC = 0.963 (0.921–0.983), p-value < 0.001; DP, ICC = 0.764 (0.497–0.889), p-value < 0.0001]. The exploratory factor analysis of the MBI-HSS yielded three psychometrically robust sub-domains representing dimensions of “emotional exhaustion,” “depersonalization,” and “personal achievement,” which explained 57.8% of the scale’s total variance. The confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the 15-item model (excluding items 4, 5, 12, 13, 16, 20, and 22) was the most fitting for the data. Conclusions The Arabic version of the MBI-HSS scale demonstrated good psychometric properties in Lebanese dentists. However, it would be important to conduct further research to confirm its reliability and validity in other Arab countries.

Undeveloped teeth are defenseless against infections, trauma and abnormal anatomies. Apexification has been considered as the standard treatment of immature permanent immature teeth that have suffered from irreversible pulpitis. This course of action boosts the shaping of an apical blockade to intercept the connection between the root canal and, the periodontal surroundings. In spite of that, these techniques have been unsuccessful in achieving root development which may expose the teeth to major side effects such as fractures. Recently, the most favorable therapy for immature or mature teeth with pulp necrosis is the regenerative endodontic treatment. This paper defines the biotic foundation and clinical regenerative endodontic processes currently used in dental practice.