4Resumen la moniliasis, ocasionada por el hongo Moniliophthora roreri (cif. & Par), es la principal enfermedad del cacao en latinoamérica, y las medidas para su manejo sostenible son aún escasas. con base en reportes previos, el objetivo de este trabajo fue optimizar el proceso de extracción por destilación de Zingiber officinale, evaluando in vitro su efecto antifúngico sobre conidias de M. roreri. Se elaboraron ocho hidrodestilados con material fresco (300 y 600 g/l) y seco al sol (45 y 90 g/l), con dos solventes (agua-alcohol, relación 10:1 y 10:0), y en tubos de ensayo con conidias del hongo, mediante la técnica de cultivo en medio líquido (agua-extracto de cacao), se adicionó cada hidrodestilado de Z. officinale en relación 1:1 v/v, determinando su efecto sobre la formación y germinación de conidias del hongo en cinco momentos de observación (0, 24, 48, 72 y 96 horas). los resultados muestran que todos los hidrodestilados de Z. officinale presentan metabolitos con efectos de inhibición sobre las variables evaluadas, siendo el tratamiento J5 (Z. officinale seco, 45 g/l, relación 10:1 agua: alcohol) el mejor, pues alcanza el 88% y el 100% de control sobre la formación y germinación de conidias, respectivamente, con respecto al testigo absoluto a las 72 horas, siendo posible optimizar la extracción mediante destilación utilizando 45 g/L de material seco y el uso de solvente agua-alcohol en una relación 10:1.
In Colombia, the arrachacha is a crop with high economic and nutritional value. Despite its agricultural importance, few studies have focused on characterizing morphological parameters between genotypes. Some arracacha genotypes have been classified based on their qualitative traits such as coloration of the root, stem and leaf. Because of the variability of this characteristic, it is necessary to use the colorimetric system for greater precision. Color characterization was performed using the CIELab colorimetric system and morphological parameters (plant height, root diameter and number of fleshy roots) on three different genotypes of A. xanthorrhiza Bancroft (Yema de huevo, Paliverde and Yucatana) in the municipalities of Boyaca and Somondoco in the Department of Boyaca, Colombia. The results showed differences in the morphological characteristics plant height, root diameter and number of fleshy roots. The Yema de huevo genotype had a greater root number and diameter and a higher height, closely followed by the Paliverde genotype. This response depended on the environmental conditions of each municipality. The root and stem coloration had differences between the three genotypes, meaning these morphological characteristics can differentiate these genotypes. The Yema de huevo and Paliverde genotypes had the highest color index, a response that depended on the characteristics of each municipality. This research provides information on the physical characteristics of each genotype, which allows for easier visual identification.
The genus Serratia is widely distributed in soil, water, plants, animals, invertebrates, and humans. Some species of this genus have antifungal, antibacterial, and nematicidal activity. In this work, the nematicidal activity of the endophytic strain of Serratia sp. in chili, Capsicum annuum L., is reported, where at a bacterial concentration of 4 × 109 cel/mL, the penetration of nematodes into the roots significantly decreased by 91 and 55% at 7 and 21 days after inoculation. This bacterial concentration also significantly decreased the number of galls, eggs, egg masses and reproduction factor produced by Nacobbus aberrans in Chili plants, with respect to the control where this bacterial strain was not applied. In the analysis of the genome of the strain, based on average nucleotide identity (ANI), the isolate could be affiliated to the species Serratia ureilytica. The size of the genome is 5.4 Mb, with a 59.3% content of GC. Genes related to the synthesis of chitinases, siderophores, proteases C, serralisins, hemolysin, and serrawettin W2 that have been reported for biocontrol of nematodes were identified in the genome. It is the first report of Serratia ureilytica with nematicidal activity. Based on these results of nematicidal activity, this strain can be evaluated in the field as an alternative in the biocontrol of Nacobbus aberrans in chili cultivation.
Se evaluó en campo, bajo condiciones semicontroladas, la eficacia de los fungicidas minerales silicosulfocálcico (SSC) y polisulfuro de calcio (PC) para el control de la moniliasis [Moniliophthora roreri (Cif. & Par.)] (Evans et al., 1978) del cacao, en el municipio de Tecpatán, Chiapas, México. Se inocularon frutos de 70 días de edad con el patógeno y se aplicaron los dos productos en concentración del 10 % (v/v) tres días antes o un día después de la inoculación. Las variables de estudio fueron: incidencia (% I), índice de severidad externa (ISE) e índice de severidad interna (ISI), las dos últimas en escala de 0 a 5. Los resultados indican que los dos productos, aplicados tres días antes o un día después de la inoculación con M. roreri, inhibieron completamente el desarrollo de la enfermedad, ya que la incidencia, ISE e ISI presentaron valores de cero, mientras que en el tratamiento testigo (sin aspersión) estos valores fueron del 80 %, 3.3 y 3.8, respectivamente. Se concluye que el SSC y el PC al 10 % son una alternativa para el control de esta enfermedad por su efectividad, bajo costo y facilidad de preparación; además de que la normatividad permite su aplicación en sistemas de producción orgánica.
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