Two scab diseases are recognized currently on citrus: (i) citrus scab caused by Elsinoe fawcettii, which has several pathotypes; and (ii) sweet orange scab caused by E. australis. Pathogenicity and cultural characteristics among 36 isolates collected from Jeju Island were investigated. Of 30 isolates from satsuma mandarin, yuzu, and kinkoji, all were E. fawcettii; 27 were similar to the Florida broad host range pathotype and 3 were similar to the Florida narrow host range pathotype by inoculation of differential hosts. Six isolates from natsudaidai were nonpathogenic to satsuma mandarin, rough lemon, sour orange, grapefruit, cleopatra mandarin, and natsudaidai leaves, and were only pathogenic to natsudaidai fruit. Isolates from natsudaidai usually produced unique tomentose colonies on potato dextrose agar compared with isolates from other citrus species. The colonies were relatively fast growing, radially sulcate, larger, and more expansive than the gummy, mucoid colonies of other isolates. Isolates from Florida, Australia, Argentina, and Jeju Island (Korea) were genetically differentiated using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers. E. fawcettii from Korea, Florida, and Australia, E. australis from Argentina, and natsudaidai isolates clustered closely within groups, but were clearly distinguishable among groups.

No abstract

To achieve efficient personalized production at an affordable cost, a modular manufacturing system (MMS) can be utilized. MMS enables restructuring of its configuration to accommodate product changes and is thus an efficient solution to reduce the costs involved in personalized production. A micro smart factory (MSF) is an MMS with heterogeneous production processes to enable personalized production. Similar to MMS, MSF also enables the restructuring of production configuration; additionally, it comprises cyber-physical production systems (CPPSs) that help achieve resilience. However, MSFs need to overcome performance hurdles with respect to production control. Therefore, this paper proposes a digital twin (DT) and reinforcement learning (RL)-based production control method. This method replaces the existing dispatching rule in the type and instance phases of the MSF. In this method, the RL policy network is learned and evaluated by coordination between DT and RL. The DT provides virtual event logs that include states, actions, and rewards to support learning. These virtual event logs are returned based on vertical integration with the MSF. As a result, the proposed method provides a resilient solution to the CPPS architectural framework and achieves appropriate actions to the dynamic situation of MSF. Additionally, applying DT with RL helps decide what-next/where-next in the production cycle. Moreover, the proposed concept can be extended to various manufacturing domains because the priority rule concept is frequently applied.

No abstract

Background: In this study, we performed one-lung ventilation (OLV) in rabbits to assess the effects of OLV on the VA/Q ratio and the respiratory physiological changes using MIGET.Methods: Ten male New Zealand white rabbits, weighing 3-4 kg were selected. To perform MIGET, six inactive gases (SF6, krypton, desflurane, enflurane, diethyl ether, acetone) in 500 ml normal saline were injected intravenously. During two-lung ventilation (TLV), and after OLV for 30 minutes, blood was sampled for blood gas analysis and MIGET, hemodynamic variables were measured. For MIGET, the concentrations of the injected inert gases were measured and converted to retention/excretion data; the VA/Q distribution curve was obtained using a computer.Results: Systolic, mean, and diastolic pulmonary pressures were elevated significantly and pulmonary resistance was doubled (P ＜ 0.05) in OLV compared to TLV. Blood pH decreased in OLV. The calculated intrapulmonary shunt was 19% and 52%, TLV and OLV, respectively. The analysis of VA/Q using MIGET showed that the VA/Q distribution curve was wider and that the VA/Q area was larger in normal rabbits. And, that intrapulmonary shunt approximated to 11%. In the case of OLV, a significant increase in shunt was observed but no change in the amount of dead space at distribution area, (log SDQ, log SDV) remained the same, whereas the VA/Q distribution curve shifted toward the right.Conclusions: OLV in rabbits showed severe hypercapnia and hypoxemia leading to a considerable increase in shunt. Because of the wide range of VA/Q distribution in TLV, no significant changes in respiratory variables were observed during OLV.