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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of a large number of tiny, low cost, memory/computational constraint, battery-operated sensor nodes deployed randomly in two (or three) dimensional plane. Due to limited amount of energy in sensors, the network seeks to attain energy efficient routing for prolonging their lifetime. Existing grid based routing protocols reduce the energy dissipation at nodes, however they suffer from congestion. Network congestion may lead to excessive energy consumption, which in turn minimizes the lifetime of network. In this paper, we propose a new Congestion Aware Lifetime Improving Routing Protocol (abbreviated shortly as CALIRP) for grid-based WSNs, which improves the network lifetime by minimizing congestion at nodes. In CALIRP, routing is conducted in a grid by grid manner through the cell-headers. To save the energy and avoid congestion, multiple routing paths are established from the source to the base station. The paths are selected based on Transmitting Factor (TF) of cell-headers which take queue occupancy, queue length and residual energy into account. In addition, CALIRP adjusts node's transmitting factor for reconstructing the paths so that the lifetime of network is prolonged. Simulation results highlight that the proposed CALIRP outperforms other existing routing algorithms in terms of success rate, queue occupancy and number of alive nodes etc.

Energy efficiency is considered as an important design issue in multihop wireless networks as the nodes are battery limited. Energy efficiency can be achieved by establishing multiple paths. Multipath routing explores multiple disjoint paths between sources-sink pair in order to improve energy consumption at nodes and thus, provide robustness against possible node failure. However, it remains a challenging task in wireless networks due to associated interference. Reducing interference lowers the energy consumption, improving the network lifetime. This paper proposes an interference aware energy efficient multipath routing protocol for a given source-sink pair by a combined route construction and power allocation method. After finding k-minimum weight node disjoint paths on a weighted communication graph, iterative power allocation is performed on the derived paths considering signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) model. The power allocation method minimizes the interference experienced by each node at an acceptable level so that multiple transmissions can take place simultaneously. By alternatively invoking multipath route construction and power allocation method on a weighted communication graph, the proposed algorithm optimizes the assignment of transmission power and thereby minimizes the total energy consumption on k-node disjoint multipath. The simulation results show that the performance of the proposed scheme is better than existing multipath routing algorithms.

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