Diabetes and hypertension are at present the major causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. The stages 0-5 of CKD are defined according to the estimated glomerular filtration rate. The term chronic renal failure (CRF) typically corresponds to CKD stages 3-5. Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients of CRF and ESRD. This study was undertaken to analyze the age and sex incidence, clinical features, etiology, pathology of various organs in detail, and causes of death of CRF patients. All autopsies performed on known cases of CRF and those who were diagnosed as CRF at autopsy at a tertiary care hospital in India over a 7-year period were studied. The highest number of cases of CRF fell within the 56-65 years age group with a male/female ratio of 1.38:1. Oliguria and anasarca were the most common presenting features. Chronic pyelonephritis was the most common cause of CRF in our study, followed by hypertension, diabetes, and chronic glomerulonephritis. Other causes included amyloidosis, autosomal poly- cystic kidney disease, and ischemic and multiple myeloma. Most common cause of death found was cardiovascular, followed by infections, cerebrovascular, metabolic, and other causes.

Introduction: Hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias are the most common single gene disorders in the world. World Health Organization figures estimate that 5% of the world populations are carriers of a potentially pathological hemoglobin (Hb) gene. The general incidence of thalassemia trait and sickle cell anaemia in India varies between 3-17% and 1-44% respectively3 but because of consanguinity, caste and area endogamy, some communities show a very high incidence, making the disease a major public health problem in our country. Cation exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (CE-HPLC) is one of the best methods for screening, detection, and identification of various hemoglobinopathies. Material &Method: A retrospective study was carried out from period of 2017 to 2019 with 106277 cases evaluated with an aim to identify various hemoglobinopathies seen in Indian population by high-performance liquid chromatography. Cases outside Indian geographical location were excluded from the study Result: A total of 18,936(17.82%) cases with abnormal haemoglobin variants was reported in the study with 35 difference variants across India. Northeast India reported maximum abnormal hemoglobinopathies (50.16%). Beta Thalassemia Trait was the most common abnormal variant found.Such a high incidence emphasises premarital and prenatal screening for prevention of dangerous effects of hemoglobinopathies in the population. Conclusion: CE-HPLC should be used for early detection and proper management of these haemoglobinopathies. The most common hemoglobinopathy observed in our study was Beta thalassemia trait followed by Sickle cell trait and then sickle cell disease. It was also observed that Northeast India had maximum abnormal hemoglobinopathies.

Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is the most common prion disease. It is a rare, fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by an infectious protein called prion. The diagnosis can be confirmed only by histological examination of brain tissue. Because of the transmissible nature of the disease, autopsy or brain biopsy cannot be performed at many institutions. Histology shows spongiform changes, neuronal loss, reactive astrocytic proliferation, accumulation of pathologic protein occurring in three general forms: Sporadic, familial, and acquired form, including a variant form of CJD. It clinically presents as predominantly progressive dementia with a rapid onset, myoclonus, cerebellar, pyramidal, extra pyramidal and visual signs. Occurrence of periodical spikes in electro-encephalogram, observation of cortical signal alterations in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, and detection of protein 14-3-3 in cerebrospinal fluid substantiate diagnosis. Autopsy case is presented of a 50 year old woman with progressive dementia, typical neurological symptoms, MRI findings and confirmation of CJD on histology and immunostaining.

Introduction: - Anemia is major health problem which affects children, women of reproductive age groups to a signicant extent. This study was done to study prevalence of anemia in Mumbai across different age groups. Aims And Objectives: - To study prevalence of nutritional anemia in Mumbai with respect to age group & gender To compare prevalence of vitamin B12 deciency anemia with iron deciency anemia To establish correlation between RBC indices with serum Iron & Serum B12 levels Method: - We did a retrospective analysis of serum iron prole, CBC, Vitamin B12, Folic acid data obtained in referral laboratory in Mumbai over a span of 3 years (2019-2021). Population studied belonged to Mumbai metropolitan region. CBC was analyzed on DXH Coulter. Serum Iron, serum ferritin, TIBC, Vitamin B12 &serum folic acid were analyzed on Cobas analyzers. We compared & correlated results according to gender & age Results: - Prevalence of low serum Iron & serum ferritin was seen in females as compared to males (P< 0.001). However low levels of vitamin B12 was signicantly seen in males as compared to females (P<0.001). Low serum iron, Ferritin, MCH, MCV and high TIBC were signicantly associated with low Hemoglobin (P<0.001)

Introduction: Covid 19 pandemic has affected the world deeply and continues to affect even after 2 years of its outbreak. As the signs and symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 overlap with those of other respiratory pathogens it necessitated laboratory testing to specically identify individuals infected with Covid 19. The initial testing began by using the standard RT-PCR method. In certain situations, individuals without obvious signs and symptoms of SARS-COV 2 also require RT PCR testing. Once detected positive, these patients get triaged on the basis of their symptoms and the abnormalities in their laboratory ndings as per their age and comorbidities. The testing rate has been ramped up signicantly over the last two years and continues to rise till date. With the variety of laboratory diagnostic tests available an informed prognosis can be made. In this study we performed a retrospective analysis of laboratory investigations in COVID RTPCR positive patients in India including all age groups and gender. The Aim of this study was to correlate the ndings of covid monitoring tests such as IL-6, D-Dimer that were performed in Covid RT PCR positive patients at our center and report the variations noted when analyzed with parameters i.e. Age and Gender. Materials and Methodology: This retrospective study was performed at GRL Laboratory, Metropolis, Mumbai. Data of covid st th RT PCR positive patients who underwent covid allied tests was retrieved for the period starting from 1 June 2020 till 30 June 2021. The laboratory values of covid monitoring proles which included tests-- CBC with Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, IL6, cardiac troponin, D Dimer, ferritin, CRP, PT, LDH, Albumin, liver enzymes (SGPT), creatinine & ESR, were collected and were correlated with Age and Gender of the COVID 19 positive patients. Results: The study included 1141 conrmed Covid 19 patients in the cohort group of which 524(45.9%) were female and 617(54.08%) were male. 43.9% < 45 years of age and 56% > 45 years of age. C-reactive protein (CRP) was elevated in 41.4%, Ddimer in 20.2% with signicant variation noted in age and gender along with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). In majority patients, increased neutrophils and decreased lymphocytes were observed. Patients above 45 years of age showed higher neutrophil (p = 0.002) and lower absolute lymphocyte (p = 0.022) counts than adults below 45 years of age. Conclusion: Following biomarkers were found to be mostly elevated in patient with COVID-19: High Sensitive Troponin, NLR, Absolute Basophil Count, Ferritin, CRP, Hemoglobin and IL6. Biomarkers abnormality tends to vary with gender and age group. The analysis illustrates the value of laboratory parameters can be rapid and cost-effective biomarkers for prognostication in patients with COVID-19.