Structural change in employment has been slow, particularly in agriculture, and its share in income has declined faster than employment has transitioned. This shift requires us to focus on the trends in agricultural wages. Our analysis shows that non-farm wages, the MGNREGS, irrigation facility, and rural literacy have a significant and positive effect on agricultural wages, and farm mechanization helps reduce the wage rate significantly. Creating more non-farm employment opportunities and supporting literacy programmes and irrigation will help improve farm wages, and incentivizing farm mechanization will reduce the cost of cultivation for farmers and the rural poor.

The growth in rice consumption has either slowed down or become negative in all the continents although additional per capita demand for rice exists in Africa. The future additional rice demand will mainly come from the population growth in Africa and Asia. The production growth during the past led by growth in yield has helped in meeting rice demand around the globe. However, Africa continues to lag far behind other continents in achieving the desired level of yield. Additional research efforts are needed in all continents for the production of varieties with higher yield potential and desired grain quality with more emphasis on the African continent. The global demand for rice will be about 584 million tons or less towards 2050. With positive technological developments in the rice research arena, the shape of rice agriculture will change towards 2050. Asia may lose about 5 million ha and Africa gain about 10 million ha of rice land by 2050.

The present study was undertaken in two village Tentuli and Talachampei of Keonjhar district of Odisha which come under the central north plateau zone. This zone is characterized by hilly upland area with reduced moisture holding capacity. Therefore an attempt has been made to study the various soil and water conservation practices on cost and return of crop production, to identify factors affecting yield of crops with different treatments and to study the farmer's perception of conservation agriculture production system. For this study 18 marginal and 2 small farmers were selected by employing multistage stratified random sampling method. Five different trials or treatments namely T 1 (Traditional practice), T 2 (Conventional tillage with HYV maize), T 3 (Conventional tillage with maize-cowpea intercropping), T 4 (Minimum tillage with maize as sole crop), T 5 (Minimum tillage with maize cowpea intercropping) were conducted in the field. It was observed that T 5 gave highest net return (Rs.57352.41/ha) followed by T 2 (Rs.54426.71/ha), T 3 (Rs.47376.12/ha), T 1 (Rs.46376.09/ ha). The lowest income of Rs.14359.9/ha was observed in case of T 1 . Fertilizer with minimum tillage and intercropping influenced gross income positively and significantly through soil and water conservation practice. High yielding variety and line sowing were two most influencing factors on crop production. Most profitable treatment according to farmer's perception was T 5 . Lack of irrigation facilities was important constraint in cultivation practices. Farmers should be trained for adoption of soil and water conservation practices like minimum tillage, residue mulching, inter-cropping, crop rotation, line sowing and use of HYV seeds for sustainable crop production.

The aim of the study is to identify various adaptation strategies of farming communities under climate-induced changes in the wetland and to estimate the parameters involved in determining the strategies. The study was carried out in Chilika lake including the peripherals districts Khurda, Puri and Ganjam of Odisha. Primary data of 120 farmers across different sectors and secondary data pertaining to natural calamities occurred in the area has been used for the analysis. Probit analysis was used to estimate the parameters and its marginal effects on different adaptation strategies being identified. Among the farming community water conservation methods entailed, Integrated farming system, institutional aids, agronomic measures and cultivation of climate resilient varieties, identified as major adaptation strategies. It was discovered that 62.5 per cent of the farmers were going for climate resilient varieties, especially salt, drought and pest tolerant varieties. About half of the farmers were adopting agronomic measures to cope with climate change. Almost 60 per cent were depending upon institutional aids for various adaptation practices as well as gathering information for preparedness against any natural calamity. Less than half of the farmers responded that they were practicing integrated farming system and using water saving techniques against uncertainties in the weather. The model revealed that age, education, landholding, income from wetlands, Income from other sources and level of awareness were found to have a significant role in going for various adaptation strategies. This study provides understanding of adaptation decisions adopted by farmers of Chilika.

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