This paper describes the synthesis, structural characterization and cellular uptake of a supramolecular 1 : 2 inclusion complex of meso-tetraphenylporphyrin having an octaarginine peptide chain (R8-TPP) and heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (TMe-β-CD). R8-TPP was synthesized by 2 approaches: (1) on-resin conjugation of the N-terminal of octaarginine with 5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin, followed by cleavage from the resin, and (2) Michael addition reaction between 5-[4-(3-maleimidopropylamido)phenyl]-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin and cysteine-octaarginine peptide (Cys-Arg8). The R8-TPP obtained from both the approaches formed stable inclusion complexes with TMe-β-CD by which non-substituted phenyl groups at the 10- and 20-positions were included to form trans-type 1 : 2 inclusion complexes. The complexation prevented the self-aggregation of R8-TPP, which resulted in the solubilisation of R8-TPP in aqueous media. A cellular uptake study using HeLa cells showed that R8-TPP complexed with TMe-β-CD in a serum-free medium was efficiently taken up by the cells and uniformly dispersed in the cytosol. In the serum-containing medium, the R8-TPP-TMe-β-CD complex dissociated, and the serum protein bound R8-TPP. The R8-TPP-protein complex was localized in the endosomes of the cells. The cytosol-dispersed R8-TPP showed a higher photo-induced cytotoxicity than its endosome-trapped counterpart.
Partial discharge (PD) properties and dissolved gas analysis (DGA) are investigated on two kinds of fatty acid alkyl esters synthesized from palm oil with additive, namely Pastell 2H-08 and Palm Fatty Acid Ester (PFAE) to be adopted in power transformers. For comparison, the properties of mineral oil which is commercially used transformer oil were also investigated in the research works. The results revealed that PD repetition rate number of the ester oils with additive increase remarkably at above 15 kV rms of voltage application than that of mineral oil. PD charge of ester oils with additive tends to saturate at about 10,000 pC, while PD charge of mineral oil seems to keep increasing with increasing the applied voltage at above 20 kV rms . The amounts of generated hydrocarbon gases in ester oils with the additive are higher than that of mineral oil. It is found that combustible gas pattern of the ester oils with the additive are different from that of conventional mineral oil. Duval analysis of ester oils with additive and mineral oil are classified as high energy electrical discharge, while for mineral oil is classified as low energy electrical discharge.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.