Inflammation contributes to many chronic conditions. It is often associated with circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and immune cells. GLP-1 levels correlate with disease severity. They are often elevated and can serve as markers of inflammation. Previous studies have shown that oxytocin, hCG, ghrelin, alpha-MSH and ACTH have receptor-mediated anti-inflammatory properties that can rescue cells from damage and death. These peptides have been studied well in the past century. In contrast, GLP-1 and its anti-inflammatory properties have been recognized only recently. GLP-1 has been proven to be a useful adjuvant therapy in type-2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and hyperglycemia. It also lowers HbA1C and protects cells of the cardiovascular and nervous systems by reducing inflammation and apoptosis. In this review we have explored the link between GLP-1, inflammation, and sepsis.

This systematic review studies the relationship between vitamin D serum levels and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). The primary source of vitamin D is sunlight exposure. Recently, an increase in the intake of vitamin D supplements has been noticed. The protective value of vitamin D is well established and has been studied several times for the health of the bones, cartilage, growth, various dermatological diseases, and also as a chemoprotective agent against several cancers. On the scientific front, it has yet to be established that increasing serum vitamin D levels increase the incidence of BCC. We included reports that investigated this relationship in this review. We applied keywords in published papers in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane, and Google Scholar to find relevant studies. After applying the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) checklist and the quality appraisal for 68 records, we included only ten studies. In these studies, serum levels of vitamin D were measured. Five of them supported the link between BCC incidence and development and high serum vitamin D levels (e.g., Mahamat-Saleh Y, et al.), while the other five did not (e.g., Tang JY, et al.). We included only two studies that investigated the vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphism. Experts debate adding a high dose of vitamin D supplements to our daily routine. After studying most of the reports, it was ascertained that the literature supports keeping vitamin D serum levels below 30-60 nmol/L. However, further studies should be done to help find a healthy balance of vitamin D serum levels, especially when it comes to increasing the risk of cancer like BCC.

Those who received early diagnosis and treatment for poststroke depression had lower mortality rates, cognitive impairments, improved long-term disability, a higher quality of life, and lower rates of suicidal thoughts than those who did not. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 standards were used to conduct this systematic review. Until May 1, 2022, a systematic search was conducted utilizing ScienceDirect, Cochrane, PubMed, Google Scholar, and PubMed central databases, which have been used during the previous 10 years. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), observational studies, systematic reviews, review articles, case reports, clinical studies, and meta-analyses were included in the research, which covered post-stroke depression patients and how to identify and treat them.There were 545 possibly related titles found in the database search. Finally, each publication was given a quality rating, and 10 studies with a score of higher than 70% were allowed into the review. Because of their brevity and ease of use, they employed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and PHQ-2 screening instruments in stroke patients. According to pooled studies, the risk of acquiring post-stroke depression (PSD) was lower in participants undergoing pharmacological therapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), especially after a year. Identifying further features of the PSD process, we believe, is the most pressing need for future study since it might lead to a more precise treatment strategy.

Substantial evidence highlights the association between physical inactivity and diabetes onset and complications. Little is known regarding the link between physical inactivity and diabetic retinopathy in terms of onset, progression, and severity. This review aims to investigate these associations and understand the underlying mechanisms behind these associations. Decreased sedentary times and the inclusion of more physical activity have been linked to the delayed onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy and less severe forms of said condition. Physical activity provides both protective and anti-inflammatory effects on the retina. Further research is needed to understand and elucidate the exact mechanisms by which lack of physical activity affects retinal health and the onset, progression, and severity of diabetic retinopathy.