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The transdifferentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) into Schwann-like cells on biocomposite scaffolds may be a critical issue in nerve regeneration medicine. In this study, tissue-engineered scaffold with chitosan (CS) nanopowders and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) was investigated for its potential Schwann cells (SCs) transdifferentiation. The differentiation of human ADSCs into S-like cells was induced with different CS content and direction of nanofibers on PLGA/CS scaffolds. Cell morphology and proliferation of differentiated cells were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay respectively. For assessment efficiency of transdifferentiation, the expression of SC markers (glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100), and myelinogenic marker (myelin basic protein) was investigated in different nanochitosan content and direction of nanofibers scaffolds, using immunocytochemistry technique. The nanochitosan can significantly promote cell proliferation of differentiated cells (p < 0.05). The mean percentage of S-like cells on greater CS content nanofibers scaffold was significantly higher than others (p < 0.05). In addition, the align orientation of nanofibers in scaffolds guided the differentiation of ADSCs toward myelinating S-like cells on the constructs. Overall, we found that high CS content and aligned-orientation of nanofibers in biocomposite scaffold (70/30A) can promote differentiation and myelinogenic capacity of S-like cells induced from human ADSCs.