BackgroundDiabetes is rapidly rising all over the world at an alarming rate and has changed from a mild disorder to major causes of mortality and morbidity in the youth and middle-aged people, and the prevalence is seen especially in six inhabited continents of the globe. The present study aims to explore the antidiabetic, lipid lowering effect of Cassia auriculata L. flowers in alloxan-induced diabetes.MethodsDiabetes was induced using alloxan monohydrate in experimental rats and subsequent therapeutic effects of C. auriculata extract and standard drug glibenclamide were monitored. Bioassay-directed fractionation using silica gel column chromatography was performed until pure fractions were isolated. The effect of the treatment was analyzed by hematological parameters and enzyme assays. The pure compounds were confirmed with thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography pattern and further subjected for characterization.ResultsThe alterations in blood glucose were monitored throughout the study. There was a gradual fall in blood glucose and significant changes were observed in lipid profile and metabolic enzyme after treatment with C. auriculata. Bioassay fractionation represented that the C2 subfraction produced a dose-dependent fall in blood glucose and lipid profile and upon further purification yielded two pure compounds. The structure of the pure compound was elucidated using Fourier transform infrared, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectral data.ConclusionThe present study clearly indicated the significant antidiabetic effect of C. auriculata and lends support for its traditional usage without evident toxic effects.

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Diabetes complications is associated with alterations in metabolic enzymes, hormones, lipid peroxidation leading to damage of liver and kidney. In the present study the traditional usage of Leucas aspera Wild against diabetes and its complications is explored experimentally by using in-vivo alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The results revealed that aqueous leaf extract at a dose of 200mg/kg b.w. exhibited significant decrease in (P<0.05) blood glucose levels and increase in body weight, insulin and C peptide levels. The changes in glucose haemostasis and metabolic alterations in the enzyme levels are due to lack of insulin and is reverted back to near normal level after the administration of Leucas aspera leaf extract. Meanwhile the storage of glycogen in the liver is significantly improved reducing the complications associated with diabetes. Similarly, the alterations in atherogenic index which is the main cause of cardiovascular diseases was inverted to near normal levels by improving the quantity of the HDL-C. Liver damage and renal dysfunction is the major complication during diabetes because of frequent lipid peroxidation, but treatment with Leucas aspera has a pronounce effect on these markers enzymes protecting the organs form further damage. Thus the results reveal that Leucas aspera has the potential and can be a candidate of choice without side effect.

This paper reports the comparison of two solder pastes made using a no clean flux platform and ultrafine SAC305 powders of Type 7 and Type8+, made using Heraeus’ Welco® technology. The application tests were carried out using 008004 components, the smallest passives used in SiPs. For the paste with Type 7 powder, the application tests complete with 12hrs of stencil evaluation have been reported, whereas for the paste with Type8+ powder, a preliminary work-life evaluation has been reported. Both pastes have been compared for the release performance using area ratios down to 0.35, with both circular and square stencil opening apertures. Cleaning evaluation was carried out with some of the commercially available cleaning agents to assess the compatibility of the flux residue. It has been demonstrated that the no clean solder paste with Type 7 powder has excellent stencil work-life performance until 12hrs of printing, with voids after reflow being less than 10%. The paste with Type8+ shows better release performance vis-à-vis Type 7, down to area ratio of 0.35, for square stencil opening aperture. Results from cleaning evaluation show the leftover contamination can be fully removed.

The present study is aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Nerium indicum and Leucas aspera leaf extract and fractions for anti-arthritic activity using invitro inhibition of protein denaturation model and anti-inflammatory activity using albumin denaturation assay comparing with Diclofenac sodium used as a standard drug. Antiarthritic activity was carried out using 10-80 µg/ml concentration, whereas antiinflammatory activity at the concentration of 25-100 µg/ml. The results of the present study represents that the methanolic extract and fractions of both the plants demonstrates dose dependent inhibition. The maximum antiarthritic activity of Nerium indicum and Leucas aspera was found at the concentration of 80 µg/ml with 81.6% and 86.2% inhibition. Similarly, maximum antiinflammatory activity of Nerium indicum and Leucas aspera was observed at the concentration of 100 µg/ml with 84.4 and 87.2% inhibition. It is evident that the cause of inflammation and arthritis is mainly due to denaturation of tissue proteins and the present study expresses that denaturation of proteins is inhibited, inhibiting the progression of arthritis and reducing the cause of inflammation.