This paper explores , the 'myth of the urban peasant' , the widespread belief that urban Russian households are surviving the collapse of employment and money incomes by turning to subsistence agriculture. On the basis of the analysis of official and survey data the paper shows that although many urban households grow food in their garden plots, those with low money incomes are the least likely to do so, while subsistence production is a complement rather than an alternative to paid employment. Moreover, those who do grow their own food work long hours for very little return, spending no less of their money income on buying food than do those who grow nothing. The implication is that dacha use is a leisure activity of the better-off rather than a survival strategy of the poor. Regional data suggests that urban agricultural production persists in those regions in which commercial agriculture and monetised relations are least developed which, it is surmised, retain memories of past shortages By the end of 1998 the average money income of Russian households had fallen to the level of 1970, a decline of two-thirds since 1990. Employment had fallen by around 25 per cent, with a further 5 per cent laid-off at any one time, and the real value of wages and pensions had fallen to less than half the 1985 level, while survey data indicated that only a quarter of those employed were actually receiving their wages in full and on time (Clarke 1999a; Clarke 1998). Such a dramatic and sustained fall in money incomes raises the question: how do Russian households survive? While there has been very little systematic research into the survival strategies of

No abstract

This paper explores, the `myth of the urban peasant', the widespread belief that urban Russian households are surviving the collapse of employment and money incomes by turning to subsistence agriculture. On the basis of the analysis of official and survey data the paper shows that although many urban households grow food in their garden plots, those with low money incomes are the least likely to do so, while subsistence production is a complement rather than an alternative to paid employment. Moreover, those who do grow their own food work long hours for very little return, spending no less of their money income on buying food than do those who grow nothing. The implication is that dacha use is a leisure activity of the better-off rather than a survival strategy of the poor. Regional data suggests that urban agricultural production persists in those regions in which commercial agriculture and monetised relations are least developed which, it is surmised, retain memories of past shortages

Предмет. Неопределенность, сложность, непредсказуемость являются глобальны-ми особенностями современного рынка труда. Нарастающие процессы дестандар-тизации занятости приводят к появлению новых видов профессиональных занятий,диверсификации карьерных траекторий, размытию устойчивых профессиональ-ных идентичностей. Изучение поведения молодых людей в условиях неоднознач-ности профессионального будущего становится все более актуальной темой дляисследований в области профессионального самоопределения.Цель исследования – систематизировать поведенческие практики профессио-нального самоопределения молодежи и выявить особенности реализации профес-сионально-образовательного выбора в зависимости от типовых ситуаций многова-риантного выбора и характеристик целевых групп молодых людей.Методы. Работа выполнена в соответствии с принципами качественно-количе-ственных (смешанных) исследований (mixed method research). Методики сбораданных: лейтмотивные интервью о возникавших в прошлом ситуациях множе-ственного выбора как актов профессионального самоопределения с целью выяв-ления внешних и внутренних ресурсов «преодоления» ситуации, ретроспективных(само)оценок степени успешности выхода из ситуации неопределенности и ис-пользованного инструментария совершения выбора; психометрические опросни-ки. Математические методы обработки данных: однофакторный дисперсионныйанализ (ANOVA), проверка гипотез по F-критерию Фишера и t-критерию сравнениясредних.Результаты. В результате проведенного исследования был подтвержден ряд вы-явленных ранее другими авторами зависимостей, характеризующих связи междукомпонентами деятельности по самоопределению и личностными свойствамисубъектов профессионального выбора. Научная новизна полученных результатовзаключается в установлении статистически значимых различий параметров про-цессов самоопределения в целевых группах российской молодежи 15–22 лет в ти-повых ситуациях профессионального (профессионально-образовательного) само-определения, реализующихся в данной возрастной когорте.Практическая значимость. Результаты исследования могут быть использованыдля формирования технологии развития преадаптационного потенциала молоде-жи, обеспечивающего успешность профессионального становления. Background. Uncertainty, complexity, unpredictability are global features of themodern labour market. The increase in de-standardisation of employment leads to theemergence of new types of occupations, the diversification of career trajectories, andthe blurring of stable professional identities. The study of the behavior of young peoplein the state of the ambiguity of the professional future is becoming an increasinglyrelevant topic for research in the field of professional self-determination.Objective. Systemisation of the behavioral practices of young people’s professional selfdeterminationand identification of the features of the vocational and educational choiceimplementation depending on multiple choice typical situations and characteristics ofthe young people target groups.Methods. The research is organised on the basis of the principles of qualitativequantitative(mixed) method research. Data collection methods used: keynoteinterviews about multiple choice situations that arose in the past as acts of professionalself-determination in order to identify external and internal resources for “overcoming”the situation, retrospective (self)assessments of the success degree in overcomingthe situation of uncertainty and the tools used to make a choice, as well as psychometricquestionnaires. Mathematical methods of data processing: one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA), testing of hypotheses by Fisher’s F-test and t-test of means comparison.Results. As a result of the study, a number of dependencies were confirmed that werepreviously identified by other authors and characterise the relationship betweenthe components of self-determination activity and the personal properties of professionalchoice subjects. The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in the establishmentof statistically significant differences in the self-determination processes parametersin the target groups of Russian youth aged 15-22 in professional (vocational-educational)self-determination typical situations that are realised in this age cohort.Practical significance. Study results can be used to form a technology for developingpre-adaptation potential of young people, which ensures the professional developmentsuccess.

Abstract. The paper suggests principles and techniques for assessing universities, based on their employer attractiveness, which is measured by the demand for their products. Products of the University is 1) trained specialists (graduates), 2) research projects and technical-technological development 3) scientific results (articles in magazines)-each of these having their own consumers. It turns out that the level of employer attractiveness is determined by the organization of university resources: equipment and facilities, personnel, managerial structure and policies. The proposed university assessment principles provide the basis for a university ranking.