Distribution of farmers by dead animal disposal methods, broiler production, 2003 (percent) 6.8 Distribution of farmers by dead animal disposal methods, egg production, 2003 (percent) 6.9 Distribution of farmers by dead animal disposal methods, swine production, 2003 (percent) 6.10 Environmental expenditures per kilogram output of liveweight broiler or eggs from poultry production, 2003 6.11 Environmental expenditures per kilogram output from swine production, 2003 6.12 Environmental expenditures per unit output from milk production, 2003 6.13 Determinants of farm expenditure on mitigation of environmental externalities from swine production, Thailand, 2002-03 6.14 Determinants of farm expenditure on mitigation of environmental externalities from broiler production, Thailand, 2003 6.15 Determinants of farm expenditure on mitigation of environmental externalities from broiler production, Philippines, 2002-03 6.16 Determinants of farm expenditure on mitigation of environmental externalities from swine production, Philippines, 2002-03 7.1 Mean relative profit efficiency of broiler farms across farm sizes by country, 2002 7.2 Mean relative profit efficiency of layer farms across farm sizes by country, 2002 7.3 Mean relative profit efficiency of swine farms across farm sizes by country, 2002 7.4 Mean relative profit efficiency of dairy farms across farm sizes by country, 2002 7.5 Parameter estimates of stochastic profit frontier and determinants of profit inefficiency on Philippine broiler farms 7.6 Parameter estimates of stochastic profit frontier and determinants of profit inefficiency on Thai broiler farms 7.7 Parameter estimates of stochastic profit frontier and determinants of profit inefficiency on Indian broiler farms 7.8 Parameter estimates of stochastic profit frontier and determinants of profit inefficiency on Brazilian layer farms 7.9 Parameter estimates of stochastic profit frontier and determinants of profit inefficiency on Indian layer farms 7.10 Parameter estimates of stochastic profit frontier and determinants of profit inefficiency on Philippine swine farms tables v 7.11 Parameter estimates of stochastic profit frontier and determinants of profit inefficiency on Brazilian swine farms 7.12 Parameter estimates of stochastic profit frontier and determinants of profit inefficiency on Indian dairy farms 7.13 Parameter estimates of stochastic profit frontier and determinants of profit inefficiency on Thai dairy farms 7.14 Parameter estimates of stochastic profit frontier and determinants of profit inefficiency on Brazilian dairy farms 7.15 Summary of empirical results vi tables summary xi xii summary 3 Monogastrics are animals with one stomach compartment; examples are pigs and poultry. settled export-certified zone spend more per unit than smaller farms, and dairy farmers in Thailand, where the larger-scale farmers have more crop land per animal than do the smallerscale farmers in the sample. Results are backed up by a second, more conventional procedure that estimates mass balances of nutrients per hectar...
Este artigo teve como objetivo realizar uma análise da pecuária de corte no Brasil. Iniciamos apresentando a abordagem institucionalista para o entendimento do processo de desenvolvimento econômico e a sua relevância para a dinâmica. Na sequência é apresentada a evolução histórica da pecuária de corte no Brasil dando destaque para a questão das externalidades provocadas pela sua expansão e o mercado global de alimentos. Na parte empírica, trabalhamos com os dados de 193 propriedades modais de pecuária de corte obtidas em levantamento do Centro de Estudos Avançados em Economia Aplicada (Cepea/Esalq/USP), no período de 2002 a 2014, em 13 estados brasileiros, onde concentra-se 90% do rebanho nacional. Nesse levantamento foi possível verificar que, em mais de 40% das propriedades de pecuária de corte as receitas não são suficientes para cobrir os custos efetivos e as depreciações, e em mais de 90% as receitas não remuneram o custo de oportunidade do capital investido. As motivações dos pecuaristas para continuarem na atividade são elucidadas, mas, sem dúvida o aparato institucional brasileiro favorece as características do modelo produtivo predominante.Palavras-chave: pecuária de corte, rentabilidade, uso da terra, desenvolvimento rural. The livestock profitability in BrazilThis article will perform an analysis on the Brazilian livestock production. We begin presenting the institutional approach to understand the economic development process and its relevance for the dynamic. Subsequently the livestock production evolution in Brazil will be shown, highlighting the externalities provoked by its expansion and the global food market. In the empirical part, we worked with data from 193 modal livestock properties, obtained through field research, developed by the Center for Advanced Studies in Applied Economics (Cepea/Esalq/USP), in 13 Brazilian states. This states gathered possessed 90% of the national cattle flock in the period from 2002 to 2014. The research showed that more than 40% of the livestock properties had no sufficient revenue to cover the effective costs and depreciations, and in more than 90% of the properties revenues did not paid the opportunity cost of invested capital. The livestock producers' motivations are clarified, although, without a doubt, the Brazilian institutional apparatus favors the characteristics of the predominant production model.
1Cepea/Esalq/USP -Doutor em Administração e Pesquisador Cepea -Rua Professor Salvador Silveira de Moraes, 229. Casa 655, Jardim Noiva da Colina -CEP: 13420-705, Piracicaba (SP), Brasil 2 Esalq/USP -Professor Doutor LES-ESALQ/USP -Avenida Centenário, 1080, São Dimas -CEP: 13416-000, Piracicaba (SP), Brasil ResumoAs atividades relativas à pecuária bovina de corte no Brasil possuem grande destaque, dado que o país possui o maior rebanho comercial do mundo, sendo o segundo maior produtor e o maior exportador mundial de carne bovina. A principal característica no desenvolvimento dessa atividade no País é a heterogeneidade nos sistemas de produção e nos mecanismos de gestão e de comercialização do gado. A Pecuária brasileira tem passado por grandes mudanças nos últimos anos. Na indústria, a profissionalização levou as empresas à abertura de capital, a internacionalização, a diversificação das atividades e produtos e, como consequência num mercado oligopolizado, à concentração do setor. Dentro da porteira, o setor produtivo também tem conseguido avanço, no emprego de tecnologias, diversificação de atividades e novas formas de comercialização, com a indústria de insumos e os frigoríficos. O futuro do mercado de gado de corte, assim como para todo o agronegócio brasileiro é promissor, devido principalmente a disponibilidade de terra e água presentes no território nacional para se produzir carne e ofertar ao mundo. Palavras-chave: bovinocultura de corte, mercado, comercialização AbstractThe activities related to cattle in Brazil are very important, given that the country has the largest commercial herd in the world, being the second largest producer and the world's largest exporter of beef. The main characteristic in the development of this activity in the country is the heterogeneity in the systems of production and in the mechanisms of management and commercialization of cattle. The Brazilian cattle has undergone major changes in recent years. In the industry, professionalization led companies to open up capital, internationalization, diversification of activities and products and, as a consequence, in an oligopolized market, to the concentration of the sector. In the farms, the productive sector has also achieved progress, in the use of technologies, diversification of activities and new forms of commercialization, with the input industry and the slaughterhouses. The future of the beef cattle market, as well as for all Brazilian agribusiness is promising, mainly due to the availability of land and water present in the national territory to produce meat and offer to the world. Keywords: beef cattle, market, commercialization IntroduçãoO sistema agroindustrial da pecuária é uma das atividades mais importantes do agronegócio nacional -em 2015, representou 6,82% do PIB brasileiro (Cepea, 2016b).As atividades relativas à pecuária bovina de corte possuem destaques, dado que o País
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