Background and Objectives. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of bla NDM, bla PER, bla VEB, bla IMP, and bla VIM type genes among A. baumannii isolates from hospitalized patients in two hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Patients and Methods. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion and Broth microdilution methods. The frequency of MBL (metallo-beta-lactamase) and ESBL (extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase) producers was evaluated by CDDT. The β -lactamases genes were detected by PCR and sequencing methods. Results. The resistance of A. baumannii isolates against tested antibiotics was as follows: 103 (95.4%) to ceftazidime, 108 (100%) to cefotaxime, 105 (95.7%) to cefepime, 99 (91.7%) to imipenem, 99 (91.7%) to meropenem, 87 (80.6%) to amikacin, 105 (97.2%) to piperacillin, 100 (92.6%) to ciprofloxacin, 103 (95.4%) to piperacillin/tazobactam, 44 (40.7%) to gentamicin, 106 (98.1%) to ampicillin/sulbactam, 106 (98.1%) to co-trimoxazole, 87 (80.6%) to tetracycline, and 1 (1.8%) to colistin. Using combined disk diffusion test, 91 (84.2%) and 86 (86.86%) were ESBL and MBL producers, respectively. The prevalence of bla PER-1, bla VEB-1, bla IMP-1, and bla VIM-1 genes was 71 (78.03%), 36 (39.5%), 3 (3.48%), and 15 (17.44%), respectively. Conclusions. The prevalence of ESBLs and MBLs-producing A. baumannii strains detected in this study is a major concern and highlights the need of infection control measures.

Background: Metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing Acinetobacter baumannii is a growing therapeutic concern, worldwide. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of SPM and IMP type genes among A. baumannii isolates from hospitalized patients in Loghman Hakim and Milad hospitals, Tehran-Iran from 2012 to 2013. Patients and Methods: This study was conducted on 108 A. baumannii isolates collected from two hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion and Broth microdilution methods according to clinical laboratory standards institute (CLSI) guidelines, and combined disk diffusion test (CDDT) was performed for identification of metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs). The blaIMP and blaSPM genes were detected by PCR and sequencing methods. Results: The resistance of A. baumannii isolates against tested antibiotics were as follow: 108 (100%) to cefotaxime, 103 (95.4%) to ceftazidime, 99 (91.7%) to meropenem, 99 (91.7%) to imipenem, 44 (40.7%) to gentamicin, 87 (80.6%) to amikacin, 100 (92.6%) to ciprofloxacin, 105 (95.7%) to cefepime, 105 (97.2%) to piperacillin, 103 (95.4%) to piperacillin/tazobactam, 106 (98.1%) to ampicillin/ sulbactam, 106 (98.1%) to co-trimoxazole, 87 (80.6%) to tetracycline and 1 (1.8%) to colistin. Using combined disk diffusion test, it was found that out of 99 imipenem non-susceptible A. baumannii strains, 86 (86.86%) were MBL producers. The prevalence of IMP-1 gene among metallo-beta-lactamase-producing A. baumannii isolates was 3 of 86 (3.48%). Conclusions: The prevalence of metallo-beta-lactamase-producing A. baumannii strains detected in this study is of great concern and highlights the need of infection control measures including antibacterial management and prompt identification of betalactamase-producing isolates.

This descriptive study was accomplished on 83 K. pneumoniae strains isolated from two hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed by disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. ESBLs, MBL, Amp-C, and KPC producing strains were detected by phenotypic confirmatory test, combination disk diffusion test (CDDT), Amp-C detection kit, and modified Hodge test, respectively. OXA-48, NDM-1, and CTX-M-15 genes were detected by PCR and sequencing methods. The outer membrane porins such as OmpK35 and OmpK36 were analysed by SDS-PAGE, PCR, and sequencing methods. From 83 K. pneumoniae isolates, 48 (57.5%), 3 (3.5%), 23 (28%), and 5 (6%) were ESBL, MBL, Amp-C, and KPC positive, respectively. The CTX-M-15 gene was detected in 30 (62.5%) and OXA-48 gene was found in 2 (4.1%) of the 48 ESBL-producing isolates. Two isolates harboured both OXA-48 and CTX-M-15; NDM-1 gene was not detected in this study. Outer membrane porin, OmpK35, was detected in 30 (62.5%) of 48 ESBL-producing isolates while OmpK36 was found in 35 (72.91%) of 48 ESBL-producing isolates. In this study, fosfomycin and tigecycline were more effective than other antibiotics. The high prevalence of β-lactamase-producing K. pneumoniae detected in this study is of great concern, which requires infection control measures including antibacterial management and identification of β-lactamases-producing isolates.

Background: Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is a causative agent of most of urinary tract infections (UTIs), which expresses a multitude of virulence factors. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate virulence associated characteristics characteristics in UPEC isolates derived from urine specimens, and to investigate the distribution of the pathogenicity islands virulence markers (PAIs) among the isolates in relation to their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Patients and Methods: A total of 50 E.coli isolates were collected from patients with UTI during September 2009 to August 2010. Biochemical and standard microbiological techniques were used to identify E.coli followed by screening for islands by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: We found a high number of PAI markers such as PAI ICFT073, PAI IICFT073, PAI I536, PAI IV536, PAI II J96, and PAI II536 significantly associated with UPEC. High level of resistance to Aztreonam, Co-trimoxazole, Cefpodoxime, and Cefotaxime was found among the UPEC isolates. Conclusions: This observation is of special value considering that the UPEC pathotype constitutes an emerging group of enteropathogens, particularly, in our county. Knowledge of the molecular details of Uropathogenic E.coli is useful to develop successful strategies for the treatment of urinary tract infection and complications associated with UTIs in human.

Candida species are considered as one of the important cause of nosocomial and community infections. Candidacies are fourth caused by septicemia in some countries and possess extra cost to the health care system. The aim of this study was survey the presence of virulence factors associated with various candida geniuses in samples which have been collected from the intensive care unit. In this cross-sectional study, various clinical specimens have been collected from patients which hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of Milad hospital, Tehran, Iran. The species of candida has been determined by CHROM agar. Finally, adherence factors genes and proteinase gene have been detected by PCR. In this research, 100 samples have been collected from patients that colonized with candida. C. albicans (63%) and C.glabrata (19.4%) are the most identified species, respectively. The species of four specimens have been not detected according to the color of CHROM agar candida medium and two different genus of candida has been isolated from 7 patients. The frequency of Als1, Als3, HWP1 and SAP1 genes among C. albicans was (92%), (94%), (95%) and (88%), respectively. The most detected virulence factor was HWP1 and SAP4 was the lowest one. At least two virulence factors have been detected in 95% of different Candida species that can cause invasive fungal properties. These results are important for infection control committee in the hospital because invasive fungal diseases can make a serious problem for patients that hospitalized in ICU.