Abstract-Introduction:Hospital acquired infections (HAIs) are the major contributors of mortality associated with burn injuries. The aim of this research was to document the antecedents affiliated with major burn injuries, hospitalization and mortality in burn patients. Methods: We performed a single center prospective study of patients admitted during 3 months period (April-June 2014) in burn wards of government hospital. There were 100 patients in this investigation which were observed weekly. The inclusion criterion was based on the shifting of patients from emergency to the wards after initial treatment of more than 24 h. Variables included were age and gender of the patient, the percent total body surface area (%TBSA) burn, the cause of the burn. Results: Mean age of patients was 30.29 years. More females (55.67%) were admitted than males (44.32%). The total body surface area (%TBSA) burnt were from 15%-95% respectively moreover children were more sensitive to hospital acquired infections (HAIs) and mortality rate was 34% in children with mean age of 5 years and disability of body parts were 42% among 75% were females. Whereas the most common (HAIs) were primary bloodstream (PBS) with mean value of 30.50, wound infections (WIS) were at second prevalence with mean value of 27.50, followed by sepsis (S) and pneumonia (P) 10.33, eye infections (EIs) 4.833 and urinary tract infections (UTIs) 2.667. Factors significantly (p-value= 0.000) associated with increased duration of hospitalization caught HAIs mortality include the age and gender of the patient, the cause of burn, inhalation injury, the region affected and %TBSA burnt. Conclusion: It concluded that the mortality was very much dependent on age and gender of the patient, burn causes, affected area as well as % TBSA burnt are considerable factors in determining the relationship of HAIs and whether the patients will survive or knuckle to injuries. Better compliance techniques, stricter control over disinfection and sterilization practices and usage of broad spectrum antibiotics, and reduction of the environmental contamination are required to reduce the HAIs rates among burn patients.

Background: Azo dyes are recognized as non-decomposable and recalcitrant compounds and can be depleted into more dangerous secondary products in anaerobic environments. In current scenario different water treatment strategies including adsorption, photo-catalysis and advanced oxidation processes based practices are facing different limitations. Method: A literature survey was accomplished by searching the scientific data from different search engines including Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Springer, Taylor & Francis,Google Scholar, Blackwell-Synergy, Wiley-Interscience and Research-Gate etc. This article has been compiled after intensively reviewing about 231 research papers, reviews and book chapters in the fields of industrial effluents, hazardous materials and water treatment strategies with their advantages and limitations. Results: Molecular oxygen and other active species such as O2•−, HO2•, H2O2 and •OH play a significant role in degradation of dyes in AOPs and photo-catalyst utilizes sunlight energy and accelerates some chemical reactions depending upon the activation energies. Different reaction parameters;calcination temperature, pH, initial dye concentration, and catalyst dosage have significant impact on photo-catalytic degradation performance.Characterization of degradation processes of dye-stuffs could be carried out by state of the art analytical techniques i.e. UV-Visible spectroscopy, powdered XRD, FTIR (ATR), EDX-SEM, BET and differential pulse voltammetry. GC-MS and LC-MS investigation of photo-degradation by-products and intermediates could provide identification and possible degradation pathway for target dye molecules. This review covers research related to photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes by TiO2 and ZnO, widely used photo catalysts and various combination of zeolites. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the combination of nano-sorbents (Fly Ash Zeolites) and photo-catalysts not only enhances the degradation but also removes toxic dye molecules and theirby-products, effectively. The review explains the suitability of synergic applications of catalysts (TiO2, ZnO) and catalytic bed (zeolites) for different industrial effluents and waste water treatment as a significant pace towards green technology.

In this study bupivacaine (BVC) was encapsulated in Nano-capsules of poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) and its cytotoxicity in HaCaT (MTT) cells, its permeability in the oesophageal epithelium of pigs, as well as its anesthetic effect in the incision model of rat’s hind paw (electronic von Frey anesthesiometer) were evaluated. BVC and epinephrine-associated bupivacaine (BVC-Epi) have been compared to BVC-Nano and it was demonstrated that BVC-Nano had high physicochemical properties and remained stable for 120 days; also, encapsulation of bupivacaine did not affect its toxicity to HaCaT cells, but epinephrine reduced its toxicity. Although both methods of combination with epinephrine and encapsulation in nanocapsules resulted in an extended time of anesthesia, the efficacy of epinephrine was more favorable. The permeation evaluation indicated that encapsulation increased both the permeability coefficient and the steady-state flux of bupivacaine across the esophageal epithelium. BVC permeation was enhanced by encapsulation into Nano-capsules, as a new novel therapeutic strategy, facilitating future research as a topical anesthetic.

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