Introduction:Early childhood Caries is a distressing situation for patients and parents and pediatric dentists. Aim: current research was carried out to evaluate fracture resistance and bond strength for different types of dentin posts compared to fiber posts. Materials and Methods: This Current in-vitro study was conducted on 48 extracted primary incisors. Samples were split randomly into 4 groups of 12 for each group. Group-I (fiber posts 6mm length, 1.4mm diameter), Group-II (dentin posts 6mm length, 1.4 diameter), Group-III (dentin posts 8mm length, 1.4mm diameter), Group-IV (dentin posts 8mm length, 1.6mm diameter). Each group was further subdivided into two subgroups (6 for the Push-Out bond strength test and 6 for the fracture resistance test using Universal Testing Machine). Results: It was observed in the fracture resistance test that, Group III showed the highest fracture resistance means (140.678±11.98) followed by Group IV (131.38±7.03), Group-II (94.23±9.84), and finally Group-I that showed the lowest fracture resistance means (80.465±2.82). Push-Out bond strength test revealed that the highest mean value with Group-IV (8.653±1.49), followed by Group-II (6.08±2.25) and Group III (5.67±2.44) have no statistically significant difference between them, while the lowest mean value was for Group-I. Conclusions: Dentin posts showed increased fracture resistance and bond strength more than fiber posts. The use of dentin post as intra-canal retention in primary anterior teeth possesses the most important advantages over the fiber post. Therefore, biological dentin post is a successful alternative for fiber post.

Introduction:The use of a mouthwash augments mechanical removal of plaque by brushing and flossing and helps maintain oral health through its antiplaque and antibacterial chemical properties. Aim: to evaluate and compare clinically and microbiologically the effectiveness of chlorhexidine and sodium hexametaphosphate mouth rinses on dental plaque in children. Materials and methods: This randomized clinical trial included 40 normal apparently healthy and cooperative children aged 8 to 10 years and selected from the outpatient dental clinic of Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University. Children were randomly divided into 2 groups as follows: Group I: included (20) children who rinsed with Chlorhexidine (0.2%) and Group II: included (20) children who rinsed with Sodium Hexametaphosphate (7%). Clinical evaluation was performed by measuring gingival and plaque indices scores at all evaluation periods. Microbiological evaluation was performed by direct examination of bacterial cultures. Results: Sodium hexametaphosphate 7% mouth rinse showed a superior effect compared to chlorhexidine 0.2% mouth rinse in terms of improvement in the clinical scores and decreasing the microbial counting. Conclusion: Sodium hexametaphosphate 7% mouth rinse is a promising candidate of mouthwashes.

Aim:The purpose of this study was to compare the antibacterial effects of Allium sativum (garlic extract), calcium hydroxide (Ca [OH] 2 ) and their combination as intracanal medicaments in infected mature anterior teeth using real-time PCR.Methodology: This prospective double-blind, controlled, parallel, superiority, randomized clinical trial was carried out on 66 permanent, necrotic incisors associated with asymptomatic apical periodontitis in 66 male patients. Patients were randomly divided into three groups (n = 22) according to the intracanal medications used.After access preparation, four microbiological samples (S) were taken using sterile absorbent paper points as follows: S1: before canal instrumentation and S2: after cleaning and shaping. The third sample (S3) and fourth sample (S4) were taken after the placement of the tested intracanal medications into their corresponding canals for 7 and 14 days, respectively. Total DNA was extracted from microbiological samples and relative quantitative real-time PCRs were done to quantify the relative gene expression fold change (FC) for Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus species. At significance level p ≤ .05, the data were statistically analysed in SPSS software using Kruskal-Wallis and Freidman's tests, followed by Dunn-Bonferroni post hoc test for pairwise comparisons.Results: Both bacterial mean FC decreased significantly after mechanical instrumentation (S1 to S2) in all groups. However, no statistically significant differences were found after intracanal medicament placement (from S2 to S3 and from S3 to S4) except in the garlic group. Garlic significantly reduced Enterococcus faecalis FC in S3 and S4 when compared to Ca (OH) 2 and Ca (OH) 2 + garlic combination. However, garlic and Ca (OH) 2 reduced Streptococcus bacteria in S3 similarly. Whilst in S4, garlic showed significantly more reduction than Ca (OH) 2 . The combination of Ca (OH) 2 with garlic extract showed the least significant bacterial reduction. Conclusion:Within the study limitations, garlic intracanal medicament has a comparable anti-Streptococcus efficiency to Ca (OH) 2 , whilst it is more effective against Enterococcus faecalis species. When Ca (OH) 2 and garlic are combined, their

Background Dental caries initiates with non-cavitated enamel lesions as the first stage. The cariogenic potential of N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) may be due to its usage frequency and form. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of exposure time of NAC on initial enamel caries-like lesions in primary teeth by assessing the morphological alteration using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and mineral content using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Methods Forty primary incisor teeth were randomly divided into 4 groups S, S1, S2, and S3 (10 specimens/group). Teeth crowns were cut from their roots and inserted into an acrylic mold with its buccal surface directed upward. Centrally isolated enamel window (2 × 2 mm) on the tooth was done. Ten specimens were selected to evaluate normal enamel while the remaining thirty specimens were immersed in demineralizing solution for 96 h to produce enamel caries-like lesions. PH cycling was performed by immersing each tooth sample in 20 mL of demineralizing solution for 3 h then, preserved for the remaining day hours in 10 ml of artificial saliva interspersed with treatments applications with 10 ml NAC for 10 min twice a day for one- or three-months different treatment modalities. Thermocycling was done for all specimens then they were subjected to SEM and EDX analysis. ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests were utilized in data analysis. Results In teeth treated by NAC for 3 months (group-S3), SEM images showed severe loss of enamel architecture with large NAC deposits detected. A meaningful difference was observed among different groups concerning calcium, phosphorus, fluoride, ca/P ratio, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen contents (P < 0.05). Conclusion NAC had a detrimental impact on enamel caries-like lesions in human primary teeth.

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