Introduction:Early childhood Caries is a distressing situation for patients and parents and pediatric dentists. Aim: current research was carried out to evaluate fracture resistance and bond strength for different types of dentin posts compared to fiber posts. Materials and Methods: This Current in-vitro study was conducted on 48 extracted primary incisors. Samples were split randomly into 4 groups of 12 for each group. Group-I (fiber posts 6mm length, 1.4mm diameter), Group-II (dentin posts 6mm length, 1.4 diameter), Group-III (dentin posts 8mm length, 1.4mm diameter), Group-IV (dentin posts 8mm length, 1.6mm diameter). Each group was further subdivided into two subgroups (6 for the Push-Out bond strength test and 6 for the fracture resistance test using Universal Testing Machine). Results: It was observed in the fracture resistance test that, Group III showed the highest fracture resistance means (140.678±11.98) followed by Group IV (131.38±7.03), Group-II (94.23±9.84), and finally Group-I that showed the lowest fracture resistance means (80.465±2.82). Push-Out bond strength test revealed that the highest mean value with Group-IV (8.653±1.49), followed by Group-II (6.08±2.25) and Group III (5.67±2.44) have no statistically significant difference between them, while the lowest mean value was for Group-I. Conclusions: Dentin posts showed increased fracture resistance and bond strength more than fiber posts. The use of dentin post as intra-canal retention in primary anterior teeth possesses the most important advantages over the fiber post. Therefore, biological dentin post is a successful alternative for fiber post.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess and compare the effectiveness of resin infiltration and fluoride varnish in masking white spot lesions of central incisors in children with molar incisor hypo-mineralization (MIH) clinically and radio-graphically. Methods: Twenty children aged from 9 to 14 years with bilateral maxillary central incisors with MIH, according to Judgment criteria of European Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (EAPD), were included in this study. Children were divided into two groups, group I was treated with resin infiltration (ICON) while group II was treated with fluoride varnish (Fluoro-protector). All patients received pre-operative, immediately after treatment, 1 week and 1 month after treatment a digital standardized photograph and peri-apical radiography. All photographs and peri-apical radiographs were analyzed to calculate the color and gray level (GL) differences between the sound enamel and white spot lesions. Results: A comparison between the two groups showed a statistically significant lower color difference mean between the sound and treated white spots enamel in group I than in group II in all evaluation periods. Moreover, a comparison between the GL mean values of both groups showed a statistically significant higher GL mean values after resin infiltrations in group I than in group II after fluoride application in all evaluation periods. Conclusion: Resin infiltration (ICON) is dramatically better than fluoride varnish in the masking of white spot lesions in children with (MIH). Resin infiltration technique allows a minimally invasive treatment in a single appointment making it beneficial for school aged patients.

Introduction: Direct pulp-capping is an alternative procedure to extraction or endodontic therapy, in which a medicament is placed directly over the exposed pulp to maintain pulp vitality and facilitate the formation of protective barrier. Aim of study: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the histological response of dog's pulp after direct pulp capping with 3 different materials; MTA, Bioactive glass, CEM and their nanoparticles, at 1 month and 3 month time intervals. Materials & Methods: A total of 112 teeth in 8 dogs were used for this study, where 96 teeth were pulp capped with the investigated materials and 16 teeth were serving as negative control. The 14 teeth of each dog were classified into 6 experimental groups and one control (2 teeth each) as follows

Introduction Caries initiation is associated with demineralization of the tooth enamel surface. Calcium and phosphorous are lost from the subsurface enamel, resulting in the formation of a subsurface lesion. Aim: this study aimed to investigate and compare the enamel surface ultramorphology and minerals content by Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) and Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and to assess micro-hardness (Vickers test) of demineralized enamel surface treated with CPP-ACP casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Flouride(MI Paste Plus) or SDF ( FAgamine). Materials and methods: This study was conducted on twenty eight human premolars ,were collected from the outpatient clinic of Maxillofacial Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University. The selected premolars distributed into three groups: Group I: consisted of 7 intact sound premolars,(control group) Group II : consisted of 7 demineralized premolars,(demineralized group) while, Group III consisted of 14 premolars ( each one divided into 28 halves mesiodistally) then all 28 specimens of group III were demineralized and half of them were treated by MI Paste plus ( subgroup IIIa) and other were treated by SDF( subgroup IIIb). All Groups I,II&III were placed in artificial saliva for 7days at 37ᵒc. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between calcium and phosphorus values of the three groups; subgroup IIIa showed the highest value followed by subgroup IIIb & group I and finally the least value was related to group II .The highest value of fluoride content related to subgroup IIIb. There was not statistically significant difference between microhardness values of group I and group III while group II revealed the lowest microhardness value. Conclusion: Both CPP-ACPF and SDF show areas of mineralized deposits and improvement of enamel ultrastructure. Also both CPP-ACPF and SDF are efficient remineralizing agent, but CPP-ACPF is more efficient as remineralizing agent than SDF. CPP-ACPF shows better microhardness results than SDF.

Background: Approximately 2,56,000 children and young adults around the world developed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) which is the most common subtype of Leukemia. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of acute lymphoblastic leukemia on salivary alterations in children before and after chemotherapy induction. Materials and methods: This study included 45 children aged from 5 to 9 years. The sample was divided into 3 groups: Group A (control group); clinically healthy un-medicated children, Group B: children with a previous diagnosis of ALL and did not initiate the chemotherapy treatment and Group C: hospitalized children with a previous diagnosis of ALL and who were on chemotherapy (6 months-1.5 years of treatment). From the selected children, stimulated whole saliva samples were collected in graduated tubes with funnels over a 5 minute period in the morning. Saliva samples were used to determine the stimulated salivary flow rate, salivary pH, salivary total proteins and salivary alpha amylase. Results: The results showed a significant reduction in the mean of salivary flow rate values between (group A) and (group C), also the difference was significant between (group B) and (group C). Regarding mean pH value, there was a significant difference between the 3 groups with an obvious reduction in pH values of groups B & C. Moreover, the findings showed that the means of salivary total proteins and salivary alpha amylase were significantly higher in group B than in group A and group C. Conclusion: According to ROC curve analysis salivary total proteins reflect an excellent predictor test where the value of total salivary proteins above 8.381 g/dl indicated ALL leukemia with 100% accuracy in children.