Exosomes are a subset of secreted lipid envelope-encapsulated extracellular vesicles (EVs) of 50-150 nm diameter that can transfer cargo from donor to acceptor cells. In the current purification protocols of...

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the crude methanol extract of leaf of Grevillea robusta as well as its hexane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble partitionates for cytotoxic, thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the crude methanolic extract of G. robusta leaf revealed the highest cytotoxic activity with LC50 values as 1.50 ± 0.45 μg/ml as compared to 0.45 μg/ml for vincristine sulphate. Among the extractives of G. robusta, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction showed 69.95±0.11% clot lysis as compared to 70.77% clot lysis by standard streptokinase. At concentration of 1.0 mg/ml, the chloroform soluble fraction inhibited 40.31 ± 0.59% and 62.93 ± 0.73% of haemolysis of RBC induced by heat and hypotonic solution as compared to 42.12% and 71.90% by acetyl salicylic acid, respectively. The test samples also showed antimicrobial activity with zone of inhibition ranging from 7.0 to 17.0 mm in diameter. The chloroform soluble partitionate demonstrated the highest zone of inhibition (17.0 mm) against Salmonella Typhi.

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In lake Rainkhyongkain, water temperature, pH, conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS) were recorded 33.5°C, 7.39, 308 µS/cm and 49 mg/l, respectively. The mean values (n = 4) of dissolved oxygen content (DO), alkalinity, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), soluble reactive silicate (SRS) and NO 3 -N were 7.93 ± 0.78 mg/l, 1.70 ± 0.12 meq/l, 17.25 ± 0.62 µg/l, 10.44 ± 0.72 mg/l and 34.00 ± 4.00 µg/l, respectively. The phytoplankton biomass as chlorophyll a (chl a) was found very low (4.93 ± 0.51 µg/l) with a phaeopigment concentration of 1.97 ± 0.51 µg/l. A total of 16 phytoplankton taxa were recorded of which Cyclotella comensis (V. Keissler) Lemm. was dominant followed by Protoperidinium conicum (Gran) Balech, Coelosphaerium kuetzingianum Näg., Euglena spp. and Mallomonas paxillata Bardley. For the first time in Bangladesh Marchantia polymorpha L. var. aquatica Nees was found to grow in masses in the shallow littoral of the lake. Among the dominant macrophytes of the littoral, Nymphaea stellata Willd., Nymphoides indicum (L.) O. Kuntze and Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms were common.