In current study the prevalence of anaemia among pregnant females and its correlation with foetal mortality was studied in Punjab, Pakistan. Overall 65.4% females were anaemic. On basis of Hb level 6.4% females were severely anaemic, 19.2% were moderately and 39.8% were mild anaemic. The values of PCV in 86.6% while MCV in 46.4% and MCH in 41.8% females were less than normal values. Significant correlation was observed in Prevalence of anaemia and daily intake of three or more cups of tea. A similar significant correlation was also found between anaemia, vegetarian diet and poor diet. Age group of pregnant females was also observed significantly correlated with prevalence of anaemia and maximum anaemic females were in the age group of 35>40. Overall 17.7% foetal mortality was recorded with significantly highest among anaemic group which gradually decreased with increase in Hb among moderately and mild anaemic groups. The TLC in 13.6% pregnant females showed higher than normal. Significant differences in neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes and eosinophils were observed among pregnant females.

Endophytic fungi are used as the most common microbial biological control agents (MBCAs) against phytopathogens and are ubiquitous in all plant parts. Most of the fungal species have roles against a variety of plant pathogens. Fungal endophytes provide different services to be used as pathogen control agents, using an important aspect in the form of enhanced plant growth and induced systemic resistance, produce a variety of antifungal secondary metabolites (lipopeptides, antibiotics and enzymes) through colonization, and compete with other pathogenic microorganisms for growth factors (space and nutrients). The purpose of this review is to highlight the biological control potential of fungal species with antifungal properties against different fungal plant pathogens. We focused on the introduction, biology, isolation, identification of endophytic fungi, and their antifungal activity against fungal plant pathogens. The endosymbionts have developed specific genes that exhibited endophytic behavior and demonstrated defensive responses against pathogens such as antibiosis, parasitism, lytic enzyme and competition, siderophore production, and indirect responses by induced systemic resistance (ISR) in the host plant. Finally, different microscopic detection techniques to study microbial interactions (endophytic and pathogenic fungal interactions) in host plants are briefly discussed.

Fusarium wilt in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Pathogen is notorious because of its adverse effect on plant growth with causing significant yields losses. Further complication is developing by raising issue of resistance in F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici particularly in developing countries due to injudicious fungicides applications in the field of tomato plant infected by this pathogen. F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici was isolated from collected infected samples from tomato field in Multan, southern Punjab on Potato dextrose medium by adopting poisoned food technique. Antifungal activity of different systemic fungicides viz. Pyrimethanil, Fludioxonil, Benlate, Bromuconazole, Fosetyl-Al, Flumorph, Prochloraz, Myclobutanil, Epoxiconazole, Strobilurin, carbendazim, Fentin hydroxide, Streptomycin, Tebuconazole, Iprobenfos and azoxystrobin were tested against F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in vitro by using poisoned food technique. All tested fungicides suppressed fungal mycelial growth with significantly high or low percent inhibition ranging from 1.48 to 85.92%. Among 16 tested fungicides, different concentrations of Bloom, Prochloraz and Bromuconazole significantly inhibited fungal growth ranging from 75 to 85.92 %. Carbendazim and epic reside in the bottom with reference to their efficacy in suppression of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. The results of present research expressed that isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici develops resistance with time which causes reduced efficacy of fungicides as compared to previously published data. The results provided information about fungicides application and selection for the management of holistic disease in tomato crop in Pakistan.

ImportanceProlonged seizures are life-threatening emergencies associated with significant morbidity.ObjectiveTo determine the efficacy and safety of levetiracetam in treating convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) in childhood.Data sources and study selectionsPubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature were searched from inception up to April 2020. Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that included children aged 1 month–18 years were assessed. Two reviewers performed data assessment and extraction.Data extraction and synthesisTen studies out of the 20 637 citations identified were included.Main outcomesCessation of seizure activities, time to cessation of seizure activities, need for rapid sequence intubation (RSI), intensive care unit (ICU) admission, recurrence of seizures at 24 hours, adverse events and all-cause mortality.ResultsWe included 10 RCTs (n=1907). There was no significant difference in cessation of seizure activities when levetiracetam was compared with phenytoin (risk ratio (RR)=1.03, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.09), levetiracetam to fosphenytoin (RR=1.16, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.35) or levetiracetam to valproate (RR=1.10, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.27). No differences were found in relation to the timing of cessation of seizures for levetiracetam versus phenytoin (mean difference (MD)=−0.45, 95% CI −1.83 to 0.93), or levetiracetam versus fosphenytoin (MD=−0.70, 95% CI −4.26 to 2.86). There were no significant differences with regard to ICU admissions, adverse events, recurrence of seizure at 24 hours, RSI and all-cause mortality.ConclusionLevetiracetam is comparable to phenytoin, fosphenytoin and valproate as a second line treatment of paediatric CSE.

The field of a digital-image processing has experienced dramatic growth and increasingly widespread applicability in recent years. Fortunately, advances in computer technology have kept pace with the rapid growth in volume of image data in these and other applications. Digital-image processing has become economical in many fields of research and in industrial and military applications. While each application has requirements unique from the others, all are concerned with faster, cheaper, more accurate, and more extensive computation.Analysis of document images for information extraction has become very prominent in recent past. Wide variety of information, which has been conventionally stored on paper, is now being converted into electronic form for better storage and intelligent processing. This needs processing of documents using image analysis, processing methods. This article provides an overview of various methods used for digital image processing using three main components: Pre-processing, Feature extraction and the Classification. Pre-processing includes Image acquisition, Binarization, identification, Layout analysis, feature extraction and classification. Classification is an important step in Office Automation, Digital Libraries, and other document image analysis applications. This article examines the various methods used for document image processing in order to achieve a processed document having high quality, accuracy and fast retrieval.