Research has shown that a relationship exists between phonological awareness and literary skills. It has been suggested that a structured programme of musical activities can be used to help children develop a multi-sensory awareness and response to sounds. The relationship between musical ability and literacy skills was examined in a study that showed an association between rhythmic ability and reading. A further pilot intervention study showed that training in musical skills is a valuable additional strategy for assisting children with reading difficulties. RESUME Les relations entre compbtences en musique et en lecture-kcritureDe nombrew chercheurs ont montrt qu'il y a une relation entre conscience phonologique et compttences en lecture-ecriture et que les mauvais lecteurs ont des difficultts a skparer les mots en fonction de leurs composantes sonores Treiman, 1985). Des recherches s'intkressent au fait que de nombreux enfants intelligents ayant souffert d'une perte auditive temporaire au cours de leur petite enfance rencontrent des probltmes en lecture et en Ccriture, et certains pensent qu'un programme structurt d'activitks musicales pourrait compenser ces difficultks initiales (Wisbey, 1980). Miles et Miles (1990) ont attire l'attention sur les recherches relatives a la dyslexie et a la musique. Des rksultats de differents types ont ete reunis dans une brochure de Smith (1988) faisant la liste de certaines difficult& que rencontrent les dyslexiques dans leur rapports avec la musique. Cette liste contient 'se souvenir d'une phrase mklodique ou rythmique et la reproduire en chantant ou en frappant des mains' (Miles et Miles, 1990, p. 49). Ceci suggtre un lien entre une mauvaise perception du rythme et de la hauteur et des problemes de lecture. L'ktude prksentke ici a ktk entreprise pour explorer l'kventualitk d'un lien entre compktences en musique et en lecture-kcriture. Un effectif de 78 enfants, 2gks de 7 a 8 ans, a passk un test de vocabulaire (British Picture Vocabulary Scale), les tests de lecture et ecriture de Schonell, et un test de conscience auditive construit spkcialement pour kvaluer les compktences de rythme et de hauteur. Les rksultats ont fait apparaitre une corrklation significative entre les compktences rythmiques et la lecture (.306), qui est demeurke quand l'influence du vocabulaire a kte partiellement exclue de la corrklation.Springer et Deutsch (1984) ont suggkre que le traitement du rythme est sous le contrdle de l'hkmisphhre gauche du cerveau, tandis que l'hkmisphtre droit contrale le traitement des jugements mklodiques et la hauteur. I1 est possible que le rythme et la lecture soient correlks parce que les mkcanismes qui contrdlent le langage sont localisks kgalement dans l'hkmisph2re gauche (Sloboda, 1985).Wisbey (1980) a mis l'accent sur l'importance de la hauteur dans le dkveloppement des compktences en lecture-Ccriture, ce qui semble en contradiction avec les rksultats de notre ktude. On peut trouver une explication de cette contradiction dans une expkrience de Bever et Chiarello (1...
We describe parental feeding activities of Red-throated Loons (Gavia stellata) throughout the prefledging period at two freshwater nesting territories in coastal British Columbia. The nesting lake contained resident fish populations, but adult loons fed marine fish to their young, making an average of 11 flights per day (average duration 60 min per flight) to the ocean and returning each time with a single fish. Small shallow-bodied fish (Ammodytidae, Pholidae), which were easily swallowed by chicks, predominated in the diet during the 3 days following hatching. The total weight of fish fed to the chicks per day (8-194 g) increased over the prefledging period: adults returned fewer but larger fish (Embiotocidae) as the chick aged. Of the fish offered, 4% were too large for the chick to swallow.
is no obvious leader. Any intermediate echelon will suffice for purposes of visual communication, as long as its angle is not so acute as to put following birds in the blind area. A V is two echelons joined at the apex, and it is perhaps not surprising that echelon flight is common, while V-formation flight is not. If there is functional advantage to the V, it is evidently not of great significance. We thank Charles Alien of the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management for providing the goose heads, and Ivan Schwab of the University of West Virginia for advice on specimen preservation.
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