The increase in the number of smallholders (Independent farmers) in Bonti District faces challenges from limited knowledge about cultivation, optimizing the use of production factors, sustainability in production, and the absence of institutions (farmer groups, cooperatives, and farmer groups combined) so that it becomes a problem in the application of the 4 principles and 20 ISPO criteria. The purpose of this study is to analyze the formation of independent farmer groups within the ISPO certification framework. The research method uses the descriptive approach to analyze institutional conditions based on ISPO criteria also uses fishbone diagrams to find out the main problems and to create solutions. The results of this research show the farmers' institutional principles have not been implemented, while 65.96% of the ISPO criteria have not been implemented and only 34.04% of the ISPO criteria have been implemented by farmers. The absence of farmer groups, data collection, and counseling for independent farmer groups in Upe Village. However, farmers show a good response to the initiation of the farmer groups' formation because there is hope that it will facilitate production inputs and the sale of TBS.

Researchers have focused on collaborative governance as an effective measure to realise sustainable natural resource management through the participation of various stakeholders. However, the literature has indicated that issues such as power imbalances tend to undermine the effectiveness of collaborative governance. Powerful actors represented by the government tend to control collaborative processes and produce benefits for dominant groups, while less empowered local communities are often deprived of opportunities for livelihood improvement. Although numerous researchers have analysed the key factors that influence the processes and outcomes of collaborative governance, few have identified a concrete measure to reduce the risk of failure, particularly when managing power imbalances in developing countries. This study explored a methodology to address the power imbalances in collaborative governance based on a case study of a participatory peatland fire prevention project implemented in West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Semi-structured interviews and questionnaire surveys conducted with project participants suggested that measures such as establishing a joint team of government officers and villagers, providing a common facilitation training programme, training villagers as facilitators, promoting equal knowledge sharing, and allowing villagers to make their own decisions mitigated the power imbalances between the two groups.

Cocoa Commodities, especially cocoa beans, have a great opportunity to be developed due to high market demand, this must be in line with the good quality of cocoa beans owned with the world market demand standards which means that at the farm level the cocoa farming must implement the Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and Good Handling Practice (GHP). This study aims to determine the effect of the characteristics of cocoa farmers on farmers' perceptions of fermented cocoa beans. The method used in this study is the survey method. The research location is Sui Duri Village, Sui Raya District, Bengkayang Regency. Data analysis using logit regression. The results showed that the five characteristics of the farmers, namely age, education, land area, number of family dependents and farming experience had a positive influence on farmers' perceptions, this indicates that farmers' characteristics are very important on the farmers' decision to adopt cocoa bean fermentation technology.Keywords: Characteristics of farmers, cocoa, perceptions, Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), Good Handling Practices (GHP)

Researchers have focused on collaborative governance as an effective measure to realise sustainable natural resource management through the participation of various stakeholders. However, the literature has indicated that issues such as power imbalances tend to undermine the effectiveness of collaborative governance. Powerful actors represented by the government tend to control collaborative processes and produce benefits for dominant groups, while less empowered local communities are often deprived of opportunities for livelihood improvement. Although numerous researchers have analysed the key factors that influence the processes and outcomes of collaborative governance, few have identified a concrete measure to reduce the risk of failure, particularly when managing power imbalances in developing countries. This study explored a methodology to address the power imbalances in collaborative governance based on a case study of a participatory peatland fire prevention project implemented in West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Semi-structured interviews and questionnaire surveys conducted with project participants suggested that measures such as establishing a joint team of government officers and villagers, providing a common facilitation training programme, training villagers as facilitators, promoting equal knowledge sharing, and allowing villagers to make their own decisions mitigated the power imbalances between the two groups.

Pontianak city produced 400 tons of waste every day. The prevention of waste had been done in various ways; one of them was the utilization of waste by 8 waste banks to be used as craft products with an economic value. The aim of the research was to formulate alternative priority marketing strategies for processed waste craft products in Pontianak. The research method that used was descriptive qualitative methods, surveys and interviews with key informants to obtain SWOT criteria and alternative strategies. This research used primary and secondary data, primary data obtained from interviews and surveys that included waste banks data and respondent data, secondary data included waste production in Pontianak City, waste banks in Pontianak City. The data analysis used the combination of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats (SWOT). The research results showed that the alternative priority for the marketing strategy of processed waste products was the strategy to improve Human Resources (0.462), such as product innovation, conducted comparative study with UKM (small-medium enterprises), made observations of products that people were interest in; information and technology improvement strategies (0.403), such as recruited and trained employees to understand information technology; institutional improvement strategies (0.135), such as upgraded and focused group discussions in the Waste Bank Forum, managed the requirements for marketing in supermarkets