Background: Breastfeeding is one important step for the health and development of infants early in life. An international perspective, breastfeeding is important to increase the chances of a baby's survival. Newborns who are exclusively breastfed have a lower risk of dying from diarrhea and respiratory disease, benefits for cognitive and motor activities, improve the general health of the baby. The aim of the study was to identify affecting and inhibiting factors for exclusive breastfeeding. This study used a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). Searching article from 2013 to 2018, from PubMed, Science Direct, and Proquest databases. Total of 1,115 articles reviewed, 6 articles met the inclusion criteria. Results: Exclusive breastfeeding is very closely related to the support of cultural beliefs, practices, and values as well as social and professional encouragement. Husbands who provide support or motivation for exclusive breastfeeding will certainly give happiness to mothers during breastfeeding. Family support is a supporting factor which in principle is an activity both emotional and psychological given to mothers in providing exclusive breastfeeding. Knowledge is very important in shaping one's actions, one of which is the adequate knowledge of the mother about the importance of exclusive breastfeeding. Support of health workers and the workplace has a positive impact on mothers in providing exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusion: Affecting factors for exclusive breastfeeding was associated with husband, family, health worker, workplace support, cultural traditions, and knowledge. Inhibiting factors for exclusive breastfeeding are internal and external factors.

Introduction: Mastitis is inflammation of the breast tissue due to infection with the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria causing local infections. It takes the natural ingredient Annona squamosal extract as an antimicrobial. Purpose: to determine the effectiveness of Annona squamosa leaf extract on the inhibition and killing power of Staphylococcus. Method: Experimental laboratory research with antibacterial activity test. Tube dilution method by incorporating bacteria and extracts with concentrations of 20%, 22.5%, 25%, 27.5%, 30%, and 32.5% and then measuring the MIC. The diffusion method is carried out by planting bacteria in a Nutrient Agar Plate and then giving the extract with 6 concentrations to calculate the MBC. Results: The results of the One-Way ANOVA test obtained a significance value of (p<0.001), indicating that changes in the concentration of Annona squamosa made a significant difference to Staphylococcus. The correlation test showed a significant p-value of (p<0.001), which means that there was a significant relationship between the administration of extract and the number of Staphylococcus. Conclusion: Annona squamosa leaf extract is able to significantly inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus bacteria and the higher the concentration of Annona squamosa leaf extract, the fewer the number of bacterial colonies that grow.

Background: Breastfeeding has short-and long-term benefits for children and mother health. Breastfeeding mothers have a low risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and hypertension. Breastfeeding children are at a lower risk for high blood pressure, obesity, gastrointestinal infection, and endogenous eczema. From an international perspective, breastfeeding is important to increase the chances of child survival. Breastfeeding also provides emotional tie, sense of security, and favorable condition for the child. This study aimed to systematically review the factors associated with maternal decision in providing exclusive breastfeeding. Subjects and Method: A systematic review was conducted by searching article from 2013 to 2018, from PubMed, Science Direct, and Request databases. The studies were appraised by the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP). The studies were synthesized by PEOS (Population, Exposure, Objective, and Study design). From 1,115 articles reviewed, 6 articles met the inclusion criteria. Results: Maternal decision to exclusively breastfeed was associated with good knowledge, husband support, family support, friend support, health worker support, workplace, and socio-cultural values. Supporting husbands provide happiness to mothers during breastfeeding. Conclusion:Maternal decision to provide exclusive breastfeeding is associated with knowledge, supports from husband, family, friend, and health worker, as well as workplace and socio-cultural values.

Kehamilan pranikah pada remaja menjadi sorotan karena menimbulkan dampak yang membahayakan. Berbagai aspek terkena dampak dari kehamilan pranikah pada remaja, diantaranya aspek kesehatan, pendidikan dan ekonomi. Dampak yang muncul dari aspek kesehatan antara lain: beresiko mengalami persalinan pre-term, melahirkan bayi BBLR bahkan kematian neonatal, meningkatkan depresi postpartum selain itu remaja tidak menyelesaikan pendidikan sehingga memiliki tingkat ekonomi rendah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi naratif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggali penyebab kehamilan pranikah pada remaja sesuai dengan pengalaman informan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Balai Pelayanan dan Rehabilitasi Sosial Wanita (BPRSW) Yogyakarta. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada bulan Februari-Mei tahun 2019. Teknik pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik purposive sampling, sehingga informan yang dipilih untuk penelitian ini disesuaikan dengan tujuan penelitian. Jumlah Informan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 8 orang. Hasil penelitian tentang penyebab kehamilan pranikah pada remaja di dapati 6 tema yaitu: Pengetahuan tentang kesehatan reproduksi remaja, Sikap remaja terkait hubungan seksual pranikah, Kondisi keluarga, Pengaruh pasangan dalam berpacaran, Pengaruh teman sebaya, Pengaruh lingkungan tempat tinggal. Kesimpulan penelitian tentang penyebab kehamilan remaja dikarenankan kurangnya pengetahuan tentang kesehatan reproduksi dan kurangnya pemahaman remaja akan alat kontrasepsi. Sikap remaja yang memiliki kecenderungan melakukan kegiatan seksual beresiko meningkatkan kejadian kehamilan remaja.   Premarital pregnancy in adolescents is in the spotlight because it has a dangerous impact. Various aspects are affected by premarital pregnancy in adolescents, including health, education and economic aspects. The impacts that arise from the health aspect include: the risk of having pre-term delivery, giving birth to LBW babies and even neonatal death, increasing postpartum depression in addition to adolescents who do not complete education so that they have a low economic level. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with a narrative study approach. This study aims to explore the causes of premarital pregnancy in adolescents according to the experience of the informants. This research was conducted at the Women's Social Service and Rehabilitation Center (BPRSW) Yogyakarta. Data collection was carried out in February-May 2019. The sampling technique in this study used a purposive sampling technique, so that the informants selected for this study were adjusted to the research objectives. The number of informants in this study amounted to 8 people. The results of the study on the causes of premarital pregnancy in adolescents found 6 themes, namely: Knowledge of adolescent reproductive health, Adolescent attitudes related to premarital sexual relations, Family conditions, Influence of partners in dating, Influence of peers, Influence of living environment. The conclusion of the research on the causes of teenage pregnancy is due to the lack of knowledge about reproductive health and the lack of understanding of adolescents about contraceptives. The attitude of adolescents who have a tendency to engage in sexual activities is at risk of increasing the incidence of teenage pregnancy.