Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is also known as Sinus Histiocytosis with Massive Lymphadenopathy (SHML). It is a rare, benign, self-limiting disease of phagocytic histiocytes affecting a young age group presenting with massive painless cervical lymphadenopathy. RDD has nodal and also extra-nodal involvement with episodes of exacerbation and remissions, whose aetiology remains poorly elucidated. It is highly variable in its clinical presentation and response to treatment. Its treatment is poorly defined but the prognosis is usually favourable. Here we are reporting a rare, unusual clinical presentation of cervical lymphadenopathy and nasal mass diagnosed as RDD with cyto-histopathological correlation. Only a few such cases have been reported in the literature. We also emphasise that clinicians and pathologists should always be aware of RDD in making a differential diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathy.

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Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are a global pandemic, with cases reported from practically every country. The majority of information and studies regarding ophthalmic manifestations in India reflects the pre-HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy) era. India may be going through an intermediate stage, where the spectrum of the ophthalmological manifestations may be changing significantly. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to study the age and gender distribution in HIV patients presenting with various ocular manifestation and to correlate the cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) count with various ocular manifestation of AIDS. Materials and Methods: Prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 patients. Ocular manifestations and WHO clinical stage of HIV were noted and CD4 count was calculated. The participants were followed up for at least 6 months on monthly basis when they come to take ART tables or as required for any ophthalmic disorder presented by patient. Any manifestation during this months was included in post HAART group. CD4 count after 6 months was taken into account in post HAART group. Results: Males predominated females. The number of males in Pre HAART was 60.8% and post-HAART 59.4%. Mean CD4 count in pre-HAART was 140.63 and post-HAART was 221.93. Majority (34 patients) in pre-HAART had CD4 count between 100 and 150, while in post-HAART, majority had count more than 200 (57 patients). Conclusion: Mean CD4 count of pre-HAART group patients raised significantly. Mean CD4 count of pre-HAART group is 140.63 with SD of 63.4, while it increased in post-HAART group to 222 which is statistically highly significant.

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Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) is known to stimulate growth of endothelial cells to form tumor-associated lymphatics, which leads to the migration of tumor cells to distant places. However, the function of VEGF-C is not limited to lymph angiogenesis only. VEGF-C is produced by breast cancer cells and binds to the receptors present on them and to lymphatic endothelial cells. The binding of VEGF-C to its receptors on a cancer cell is referred to as autocrine signaling. This ligand-receptor binding, activates a cascade of events that are different from angiogenesis. Moreover, autocrine transmission of signals may facilitate the growth, migration, and drug sensitivity of cancer cells, including the malignancy of the breast. In this study, we investigated the effect of inhibition of VEGF-C gene expression via RNAi. A vector-based siRNA was constructed and transfected into breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. VEGF-C gene expression was analyzed via RT-PCR. In vitro proliferation, soft agar colony formation, and scratch healing assays were performed. A relative decrease in VEGF-C gene expression observed in transfected cells indicated the silencing effect of shRNA. Due to unavailability of VEGF-C protein, the replicative potential of cancer cells decreased. No colonies on soft agar formed by these tumor cells were observed, which explains their incapability of being anchorage independent. Similarly, scratch healing and 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay showed a non-migratory and drug-sensitive nature of the transfected cells. All our results indicate that abundance of VEGF-C in tumor microenvironment will affect various non-angiogenic cell functions such as proliferation, migration, colonization, and chemoresistance.