The appearance of mandibular condyle varies greatly among different age groups and individuals. Human mandibular condyles may be categorized into five basic types: flattened, convex, angled, rounded and concave. Morphologic changes of condyle occur due to developmental variations, remodeling, various diseases, trauma, endocrine disturbances and radiation therapy. Genetic, acquired, functional factors, age groups, individuals have a role in morphologic changes in shapes and sizes of condyle. Thus variability in the shapes and sizes of condyles should be an important factor in diagnosing the disorders of temporomandibular joint. Differentiating diseased conditions from anatomical variations of the condylar head possess a diagnostic challenge for the radiologist and surgeons on numerous occasions. The purpose of this review is to describe in detail about normal anatomical and morphological variations in condylar head, thus helping an investigator to distinguish between variations in form and pathologic condition.

Aim:The present study was conducted to analyze the clinical and histopathological cases of odontogenic tumors (OTs). Materials and methods:The present 10-year retrospective study comprised of 104 OTs. Parameters such as name, age, gender, clinical features, location, extension, etc were noted. H and E stained slides were carefully assessed by an oral pathologist and were classified according to the latest WHO classification of head and neck tumors.

Background. A correlation has been noted between diabetes mellitus (DM) and changes in the oral cavity. The present study aimed to estimate, compare, and correlate serum and salivary glucose and IgA levels and salivary candidal carriage in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. Methods. Eighty-eight subjects were categorized into three groups: group 1 (controlled DM; n=27), group 2 (uncontrolled DM; n=32) and group 3 (non-diabetics; n=29). Serum and salivary glucose levels were estimated by glucose oxidase/peroxidase method, serum and salivary IgA by a diagnostic kit, and candidal colonization by inoculating samples into Sabouraud dextrose agar plate. Statistical analyses were carried out by one-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey tests, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results. Significant elevation of serum IgA levels was observed in group 2 compared to group 3 and significant decreases in salivary IgA levels in groups 1 and 2. The candidal carriage was significantly higher in group 2 compared to group 3. Serum glucose and salivary IgA levels showed a significant correlation in group 1. There was a positive correlation between serum/ salivary glucose and serum/salivary IgA levels in group 2. In addition, there was a significant correlation between serum glucose and serum IgA levels in group 3. Conclusion. Saliva could be a potential, non-invasive diagnostic tool to estimate glucose levels. The evaluation of salivary components, like IgA, might be useful in diagnosing and managing oral manifestations in diabetic individuals. Elevated salivary glucose levels contribute to elevated candidal carriage, making individuals susceptible to oral candidiasis.

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