Polyethylene oxide (PEO) based polymer electrolytes have been widely used in solid-state lithium batteries (SSBs) owing to their high solubility of lithium salt and favourable ionic conductivity, flexibility for improved...

The rapid development of intelligent networked vehicles (ICVs) has brought many positive effects. Unfortunately, connecting to the outside exposes ICVs to security threats. Using secure protocols is an important approach to protect ICVs from hacker attacks and has become a hot research area for vehicle security. However, most of the previous studies were carried out on V2X networks, while those on in-vehicle networks (IVNs) did not involve Ethernet. To this end, oriented to the new IVNs based on Ethernet, we designed an efficient secure scheme, including an authentication scheme using the Scalable Service-Oriented Middleware over IP (SOME/IP) protocol and a secure communication scheme modifying the payload field of the original SOME/IP data frame. The security analysis shows that the designed authentication scheme can provide mutual identity authentication for communicating parties and ensure the confidentiality of the issued temporary session key; the designed authentication and secure communication scheme can resist the common malicious attacks conjointly. The performance experiments based on embedded devices show that the additional overhead introduced by the secure scheme is very limited. The secure scheme proposed in this article can promote the popularization of the SOME/IP protocol in IVNs and contribute to the secure communication of IVNs.

In recent years, Ethernet has been introduced into vehicular networks to cope with the increasing demand for bandwidth and complexity in communication networks. To exchange data between controller area network (CAN) and Ethernet, a gateway system is required to provide a communication interface. Additionally, the existence of networked devices exposes automobiles to cyber security threats. Against this background, a gateway for CAN/CAN with flexible data-rate (CANFD) to scalable service-oriented middleware over IP (SOME/IP) protocol conversion is designed, and security schemes are implemented in the routing process to provide integrity and confidentiality protections. Based on NXP-S32G, the designed gateway is implemented and evaluated. Under most operating conditions, the CPU and the RAM usage are less than 5% and 20 MB, respectively. Devices running a Linux operating system can easily bear such a system resource overhead. The latency caused by the security scheme accounts for about 25% of the entire protocol conversion latency. Considering the security protection provided by the security scheme, this overhead is worthwhile. The results show that the designed gateway can ensure a CAN/CANFD to SOME/IP protocol conversion with a low system resource overhead and a low latency while effectively resisting hacker attacks such as frame forgery, tampering, and sniffing.

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As the growing population of electric vehicles, the increasing fire accidents have drawn much attention both for researcher and society. Unfortunately, the real-conditional thermal runaway is hard to recurrent according to diverse inducements. The comprehensive combustion behaviors for vehicle-level fire accident are still confusing and should be further investigated, and the results will provide guidance on further improvement of vehicle safety or further applicational situation. In this article, a vehicle-level thermal runaway experiment is carried out with a commercial SUV, and multi-information is collected to determine the combustion behavior and fire spreading path including temperature, voltage and gases. The artificial arson is selected as the inducement for simulating the real-conditional accident, and 4 periods on fire burning are divided according to combustion behaviors. An interval of 12 mins before the battery thermal runaway can be observed and provide probability for roadside assistance. Moreover, the safe distance of possible harmful hazards is less than 10 m, and should be warning when designing underground parking. Then, Limited voltage decrease of 10 mV is recognized as early-warning information before battery thermal runaway, and the large voltage jump or characteristic temperature help for diagnostic of thermal runaway. Finally, the established experimental workbench delivers the potential solution for vehicle-level thermal runaway analysis, and can be promoted to other experiments under various inducements. The article highlights the whole process of fire spreading of electric vehicle and help to improve the safety of vehicles according to the results.