Background and Objective. One of the challenges that social studies presents to teachers in class is the lack of students’ interest in the material. This study aims to develop snakes and ladders learning media for use in the subject of social studies in elementary school. Method. The research design used is the Four-D Research and Development (R&D) model by Thiagarajan (Santoso & Albaniah). The criteria used as a reference for the effectiveness of the learning media are students’ participation, interest, and learning outcomes, whereas for the practicality, the criteria are the implementation and teachers’ ability to use the learning media. The research employed descriptive statistics analysis and inductive-deductive flow analysis. Results. The results show that the snakes and ladders learning media on social studies appear to be valid and practical, and can effectively improve elementary school students’ interest and learning outcomes. The learning media is considered valid based on the experts’ validation with average 4.3 (good). The effectiveness of this learning media meets the criteria: (1) student participation in the learning process is high and (2) student learning outcomes meet the minimum learning mastery standard average at 79.04 of the ideal score of 100 and the completeness test of learning outcomes with the probability value of one sample t-test of 0.00 <0.05. The practicality of the learning media is shown through the observation result of the implementation of the media with an average of 4.4 (good), whereas the results of the student interest questionnaire show that of 25 students (92%) responded that they were happy with the subject matter taught, 80% of students responded that they were happy with the learning. Conclusion. The snakes and ladders learning media on social studies can enhance students’ interest and learning outcomes in elementary education.

Summary. Although it is highly desirable that educational progress should be assessed by means of standardised attainment tests, this procedure often encounters difficulties. The artificial inflation of re‐test results by practice effects is a particularly awkward problem. The present study was designed to measure the extent of this effect on parallel forms of a recently developed attainment test, namely the Neale Analysis of Reading Ability. It was found that this Test is of high reliability and is insensitive to practice effects.

This study aims to reveal the errors of students in the practice of writing English, especially errors in any aspect of the language and how often its frequency. The researcher analyzes the errors of the English writings of PGSD students taking English courses. This analysis uses Surface Strategy Taxonomy in classifying student errors in grammatical structures. This research uses descriptive research method with a qualitative approach. The subject of this research was the writing of sixth semester students who were respondents and attended the English for Specific Purpose 2017/2018 school year totaling 75 people. The results of this study indicate that students' mistakes in producing English writing are divided into several categories of errors, namely errors in formation (misformation), errors in omission (addition), errors in addition (addition), and errors in preparation (misordering). The most frequently made mistake is error formation in sentences that is 181 or around 44.80% of the total number of student writing errors. Omission (omission) occurred as many as 136 or 33.66%, followed by misordering 48 times or 11.88% and the least was an addition error of 39 times or 9.65%.

The purpose of this study is to find out the students’ strategies in learning English. This research is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach and was conducted at the Faculty of Education UNM Campus VI Watampone in the academic year 2019/2020. The researcher involved 25 first semester PGSD students with TOEFL prediction score ≥ 400 as subjects in this study. To measure the use of students' English learning strategies, researchers used the Strategy Inventory of Language Learning - SILL version 7.0 designed by Oxford. The results of this study reveal that the language learning strategies that are often used by the students are memory strategies and cognitive strategies with an average of 3.74 and 3.71 that fall into the high category. Compensation strategies, metacognitive strategies, affective strategies and social strategies are in the medium category that is sometimes used.