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Objective: Detection of antibiotic sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from different clinical specimens in Kirkuk, Iraq. Material and Methods: The present study included (3138) samples collected from different clinical specimens from outpatients and inpatients of both sexes with different ages who were attended Azadi Teaching Hospital/ Kirkuk during the period from October/2007 until May/ 2013. Results: From a total of 3138 Specimens, 1485 gave positive cultured and 1653 Specimens showed no bacterial growth, 319/3138 (10.17%) isolates were identified as P. aeruginosa. These isolates were identified according to morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics. Wound and ear swab were important source for P. aeruginosa and isolated more frequently in inpatients than outpatients. The rate of isolation in females 169/319 (52.97%) was higher than males 150/319 (47.01%). Antibiotic susceptibility test of these isolates was performed, and the results showed that all Pseudomonas isolates (100%) were resistant to ampicillin, cephradin and trimoxazole, followed by gentamycin (97.3%), Amoxicillin (97.3), cephalexin (92.3%), neomycin (91.4%), nalidixic acid (89%), nitrofurantoin (87.5%), tobramycin (87.5%) and ciprofloxacin (84%), and the resistance to amikacin was (75%).

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Background: studies have shown that Pseudomonas aeruginosa can be a potential cause of antibiotic associated diarrhea. Pathogenesis based on endotoxin, exotoxins, and enzymes. Objectives: detection of some virulence factors produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from faecal specimens in Kirkuk, Iraq. Methods: The study included identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from stool samples of children suffering from diarrhea, 518 samples collected from Azadi teaching hospital and Pediatric hospital in Kirkuk city, from February 2012 to June 2013. Various virulence factors including beta-lactamase, protease, lipase, lecithinase, deoxyribonuclease, gelatin liquefaction, haemolysin, congo red binding, urease, presence of capsule and betalactamase production were determined for Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Results: 35 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were identified and the isolation percentage was 8.1% (only 433/518 give positive culture result for different bacteria). The distribution of virulence factors was different among the test isolates. All the isolates produce betalactamase but have different ability for binding to Congo red, gelatin liquefaction, lipase, protease, lecithinase, deoxyribonuclease, urease, capsule and haemolysin production. Conclusion: Based on the findings of present study Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from diarrheal cases at least produced two virulent factors.

The study was conducted for estimating antifungal activity against Candida albicans of ten essential oil, garlic and onion juice, eight disinfectants and detergents by using agar diffusion well method. The results showed high activity of clove oil, onion juice 50%, thyme oil, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), lugol's iodine and detol for all the five concentration, sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) at 5%, while the effect of apple cider vinegar were at 60% and 80%. Sodium hypochlorite showed moderate activity at all concentration. The result of combination between clove oil and coconut oil led to synergistic effect while the combination between each of (1, 2, 3 % H 2 O 2 with each of apple cider vinegar and NaCl), (sodium chloride with apple cider vinegar) and (pumpkin oil with clove oil) lead to antagonism as well as the same results were reported when apple cider vinegar mixed with each of (thyme oil) and (clove oil with coconut oil). On the other hand, there is no synergistic or antagonistic effect of combination between 4-5% of H 2 O 2 with apple cider vinegar and NaCl solution to the growth of C. albicans. It was concluded that solitary use of compounds (clove oil, onion juice, thyme oil, H 2 O 2 , NaCl, lugol's iodine, detol, and apple cider vinegar) was associated with high antifungal response regarding C. albicans; efficacy was reduced when used in combination. In exception to above finding synergistic effect was identified when a combination between clove oil and coconut oil.