Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complicated disease affecting different populations and the starting age of subjects is as early as 15 years old. Since anthropometric, clinical and genetic risk factors are associated with the development of T2DM, the complications developed due to T2DM are life-threatening. Therefore, this research analyzes the complicating risk factors of T2DM. Materials and methods:An observational study of approximately 10,000 north Indian individuals were contacted and a total of 703 subjects (351 control subjects and 352 T2DM subjects) belonging to north Indian states were recruited for the analysis of the risk factors.Result: Very early onset of T2DM, very large undiagnosed population, high newly diagnosed T2DM subjects, independent effect of complicating risk factors etc. were the results obtained from the research. Conclusion:Considering the complications and early onset of T2DM, despite the other diseases along with T2DM, early mortality and increased mortality due to T2DM were observed in north Indian population.major role in the susceptibility to T2DM. There are much differences seen in insulin secretion and sensitivity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and T2DM in subjects with different risk factors [18]. However, new alcohol drinkers in middle age and drink rarely may experience benefit in cardiovascular disease and diabetic complication [19] whereas rare and light drinkers after increasing alcohol consumption over short period of time are associated with lower risk of T2DM [20]. Moreover, cigarette smoking and smoking cessation lead to higher short-term risk of T2DM [21].The long term complications of T2DM are chronic complications in circulatory system that may cause blindness, lower limb gangrene and renal failure in adults. It is also a major risk factor for strokes and other cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [22]. Since T2DM is common, its related disorders such as nephropathy [23], neuropathy and retinopathy are also more common. Diabetic nephropathy is a serious complication of T2DM and the prevalence of nephropathy has been increasing worldwide [24,25]. In subjects with CAD and T2DM, the complications lead to functional and structural vascular alterations of the peripheral Materials and MethodologyIn this research, a preliminary observation of incidence of T2DM subjects of approximately 10,000 was interviewed. Apart from this, 351 control and 352 T2DM subjects from nearby locations of Chandigarh belonging to the states of Haryana, Utter Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu Kashmir, Punjab, Delhi, Rajasthan, West Bengal etc. and resident of Chandigarh, Panchkula, Mohali, Baltana, etc. were recruited. This is because these cities/towns have resident migrated populations of these states. They were recruited at referral points /schools / hospitals etc. to administer the questionnaire for the data capture for this research. The subjects were completely analyzed using the criteria for control and T2DM subjects specified by diabetes associations. A formal broc...

Drug interaction is defined as the modification of the effects of a drug (object drug) by the prior and/or the concomitant administration of another drug (precipitant drug). Drug interaction may either increase or decrease the intended effect of one or both drugs. It may transform the diagnostic, preventive or therapeutic activity of any drug. Druginteractions can be an extremely main contributory factor for the incidence and occurrence of adverse drug reactions and adverse drug events. The rate of occurrence and incidence of drug interactions is much higher in patients receiving combinations of drugs or poly-pharmacy or suffered from co-morbidity of diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, peptic ulcer, fungal infections and neurodegenerative disorders, which require prolong and multi treatments and the risk of drug interaction will increase as they are treated with multi-therapies. It is concluded that diabetic patients are at higher risk for drug interaction as receiving a combination of therapies for diabetic complications as well, so that the rate of occurrence of drug interaction is rapidly amplifying. Diabetes mellitus has been considered as a foremost public health challenge around the world because of its high prevalence and associated increase in morbidity and mortality. The main objective of this review study is to highlights the various drug interactions likely drug-drug and drug-food interactions as well as reports unwanted effects of other treatment associated with antidiabetic agents in the diabetic patients.

Cardiovascular diseases are currently the leading cause of death in industrialized countries and include a broad range of diseases, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, thromboembolism, coronary heart disease, heart failure, endocarditis, stroke, peripheral vascular disease and many other conditions. CVDs are the leading cause of death globally. The most opted treatment for CVDs remains conventional drug therapies for example diuretics, vasodilators, anticoagulants, anti-platelet agents and β-blockers. But still herbal medication are high in their value and this option is now becoming a world wide procedure in many disease treatments including heart diseases. In this review, few herbal medications with their action on the cardiovascular system has been enlisted and shows their use as a cardiovascular medicine. Compared with conventional medications, herbal medications do not require clinical studies before their marketing or formal approval from regulatory agencies, and for this reason their efficacy and safety are rarely proven

No abstract

The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of Zofenopril (ACE inhibitor) in type 2 diabetes induced nephropathy in rats. Type 2 diabetes was induced by administering high-fat-diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (35mg/kg; i.p.) single dose. The rats with blood glucose levels more than 250mg/dl were selected as diabetic and taken for further studies. Diabetic rats were treated with two different doses of Zofenopril (1mg/kg and 10 mg/kg/day) p.o. for 21 days while continuing on HFD. Various parameters such as blood glucose, total cholesterol, serum creatinine, urine albumin excretion and markers of oxidative stress such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured. Treatment of Zofenopril (1mg/kg and 10mg/kg) in diabetic rats orally for 21 days significantly decreased total cholesterol, serum creatinine, and urine albumin levels when compared with diabetic control rats. Treatment of diabetic rats with Zofenopril 1mg/kg and 10mg/kg) orally for 21 days, showed less significant decrease in blood glucose levels when compared to diabetic control rats. Zofenopril treatment also significantly decreased the kidney TBARS levels, while increasing the GSH levels in diabetic rats. These findings suggest that Zofenopril has beneficial effects in preventing the progression of diabetes induced nephropathy in rats. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that Zofenopril can be used to prevent progression of diabetes induced nephropathy. Administration of Zofenopril improves renal function and ameliorates renal histopathological changes in HFD fed, low dose STZ-induced type 2 diabetic rats; possibly by improvement in lipid metabolism and inhibition of lipid peroxidation process.