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The use of chemical pesticides in agriculture goes hand in hand with some crucial problems. These problems include environmental deterioration and human health complications. To eliminate the problems accompanying chemical pesticides, biological alternatives should be considered. These developments spark interest in many environmental fields, including agriculture. In this review, antifungal compounds produced by lactic acid bacteria (LABs) are considered. It summarizes the worldwide distribution of pesticides and the effect of pesticides on human health and goes into detail about LAB species, their growth, fermentation, and their antifungal compounds. Additionally, interactions between LABs with mycotoxins and plants are discussed.

The cation-𝜋 interaction is a non-covalent interaction with significant role in healthcare such as biochemical systems or molecular neurobiology. The cation-𝜋 interaction is regarded as a strong non-covalent interaction in aqueous solutions essential for ligand–protein interfaces and delivery of chemical drugs. Limited knowledge is available regarding the manufacturing of synthetic functional materials (i.e. self-healing hydrogels) by availing the cation-𝜋 interaction. This mini-review aims to provide a brief summary on the importance of the cation-𝜋 interaction for protein stability and describes the impact on the secondary structure of proteins. Furthermore, it examines the cation-𝜋 interaction in medical applications and its impact in a receptor ligand that applies to neurobiology.

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