The NADPH oxidase of neutrophils, essential for innate immunity, passes electrons across the phagocytic membrane to form superoxide in the phagocytic vacuole. Activity of the oxidase requires that charge movements across the vacuolar membrane are balanced. Using the pH indicator SNARF, we measured changes in pH in the phagocytic vacuole and cytosol of neutrophils. In human cells, the vacuolar pH rose to ~9, and the cytosol acidified slightly. By contrast, in Hvcn1 knock out mouse neutrophils, the vacuolar pH rose above 11, vacuoles swelled, and the cytosol acidified excessively, demonstrating that ordinarily this channel plays an important role in charge compensation. Proton extrusion was not diminished in Hvcn1-/- mouse neutrophils arguing against its role in maintaining pH homeostasis across the plasma membrane. Conditions in the vacuole are optimal for bacterial killing by the neutral proteases, cathepsin G and elastase, and not by myeloperoxidase, activity of which was unphysiologically low at alkaline pH.
We report a novel mode of quasi-static oscillatory crack propagation when a cutting tip of moderately large width is driven through a thin brittle polymer film. Experiments show that the amplitude and wavelength of the oscillatory crack paths scale linearly with the width of the cutting tip over a wide range of length scales but are independent of the width of the sheet and of the cutting speed. We propose a mechanism for this instability, based on the coupling between crack propagation and out-of-plane deformations of the film. RésuméFissures oscillantes dans les feuilles élastiques minces. Nous présentons une nouvelle instabilité oscillante de fissure qui se produit lorsqu'un indenteur assez large est forcé à travers une feuille mince fragile préalablement entaillée. Nos expériences révèlent que l'amplitude et la longueur d'onde de la fissure dépendent linéairement de largeur de l'indenteur sur une grande gamme de largeurs, et ne dépendent ni de la largeur du film, ni de la vitesse de découpe. Nous proposons un mécanisme pour cette instabilité, fondé sur un couplage entre l'avancée de la fissure et les déformations transverses du film. (Fig. 1). Sur une grande gamme de largeurs w, on observe des oscillations de la découpe, dont nous montrons qu'elles résultent du couplage de la fissure avec les déformations hors du plan de la feuille. L'étude de cette instabilité et la possibilité de l'inhiber présentent des intérêts pratiques pour la découpe de feuilles minces. L'expérience consiste à fixer une bande mince (polypropylène mince ou acétate de cellulose ; épaisseur de 25 à 130 µm) sur un cadre que l'on déplace le long d'un rail à l'aide d'une vis-sans-fin actionnée par un moteur. La feuille est ainsi déplacée à vitesse constante v vers l'indenteur fixe dont la largeur w varie de 0.05 à 60 mm. Les fissures observées sont fragiles (pas ou peu de déformation plastique). Au dessus du seuil d'oscillation (w > w c ), la fissure oscille périodiquement, créant ainsi un motif de découpe de la feuille très régulier et reproductible. Pour des objets minces (w < w c ), il ne se produit pas d'instabilité et la découpe reste droite.Nous décrivons dans cette Note le régime d'oscillation bien au dessus du seuil (w w c ). L'amplitude crête à crête A et la longueur d'onde λ du motif varient linéairement avec la largeur w (Fig. 2) sur près de trois décades, indépendament de la nature de matériau et de son épaisseur. D'autre part, le motif ne dépend pas de la vitesse de déplacement ni de la largeur D de la feuille, ce qui est a priori surprenant.La séquence de la Fig. 3, prise depuis une caméra placée au dessus du montage, illustre le mécanisme d'oscillation dans le repère de l'indenteur. Celui-ci repose sur une caractéristique propre des feuilles minces : l'énergie de courbure est négligeable devant l'énergie d'extension et on suppose qu'elle ne contribue pas à la propagation de la fissure. Pendant t 1 < t < t 2 la propagation de la fissure (au point T ) se fait vers la gauche en raison de la présence d'un pli (ligne en ...
We demonstrate the emergence of complexity from remarkably simple and ubiquitous systems: draining thin-film suspensions exhibiting a striking transition between two classes of self-organizing patterns. Vertical channels form when attractive forces lead to transient gelation, while horizontal bands result from granular mixtures. We propose an explanation whereby the generic physical mechanisms require only the existence of viscous and excluded-volume couplings among the particles, solvent, and substrate. System-specific, small inhomogeneities trigger large-scale pattern formation, through collective dynamics, where jamming plays a crucial role. Our results shed light on emergent complexity in bio- and geophysical processes and have implications for coatings and food industries.
Empirically based studies of glacier meteorology, especially for the Southern Hemisphere, are relatively sparse in the literature. Here, we use an innovative network of highly portable, low-cost thermometers to report on high-frequency (1-min time resolution) surface air temperature fluctuations and lapse rates (LR) in a ∼800-m elevational range (from 3,675 to 4,492 m a.s.l.) across the glacier Olivares Gamma in the central Andes, Chile. Temperatures were measured during an intense field campaign in late Southern summer, 19-27 March 2015, under varying weather conditions. We found a complex dependence of high-frequency LR on time of day, topography, and wider meteorological conditions, with hourly temperature variations during this week that were probably mainly associated with short-and long-wave radiation changes and not with wind speed/direction changes. Using various pairs of sites within our station network, we also analyze spatial variations in LR. Uniquely in this study, we compare temperatures measured at heights of 1-m and 2-m above the glacier surface for the network of five sites and found that temperatures at these two heights occasionally differed by more than ±4 ∘ C during the early afternoons, although the mean temperature difference is much smaller (∼0.3 ∘ C). An implication of our results is that daily, hourly, or even monthly averaged LR may be insufficient for feeding into accurate melt models of glacier change, with the adoption of subhourly (ideally 1-10-min) resolution LR likely to prove fruitful in developing new innovative high-time-resolution melt modelling. Our results are potentially useful as input LR for local glacier melt models and for improving the understanding of lapse rate fluctuations and glacier response to climate change.
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