Bullying, a recurring aggressive and substantial antisocial behavior characterized by a power imbalance can be destructive, and persistent and causes harm. Bullying is a negative behavior on individuals or groups of individuals who are considered weak that occurs more frequently among adolescents between the ages of 13–16. Bullying in schools is a violence that can result in students feeling threatened and powerless. This study was conducted to identify constructs that measure physical, verbal, anti-social, and cyberbullying. A total of 677 samples from a total of 23 secondary schools in the northern peninsula of Malaysia were involved in this cross-sectional survey research design that used a questionnaire to collect the data. Exploratory factor analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed that four factors namely, physical bully, verbal bullying, antisocial bully, and cyberbullying were prevalent among Malaysian adolescents. The reliability value for each factor was high, which ranged from .73 to .89. Out of four bullying constructs in the study, physical bullying has the highest factor loading. In conclusion, this study has proven that Malaysian adolescents also face bullying where the most dominant bullying behavior for Malaysian adolescents is physical bullying. The data imply that school leaders, the Malaysian Ministry of Education, and the community should view this matter seriously and Malaysian youths should be educated on the dangers of bullying behavior that can have a negative impact on the development of society as a whole.

<span lang="EN-US">Bullying is one of the major issues worldwide and is one of the most prevalent school violence. Bullying is a negative behavior toward an individual or group of individuals that are considered weak. Bullying is often associated with self-esteem. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the influence of students’ tendency to be bullies (physical, verbal, anti-social, and cyber) on self-esteem. This study involved 150 secondary school students in the north of peninsular Malaysia. The study also used the cross-sectional survey method by distributing a set of questionnaires to the respondents. The findings of the study found that students who tend to be bullies for the four categories of bullying, namely physical bullying (ß=0.076, t=3.048, p&lt;0.05), verbal (ß=0.080, t=3.052, p&lt;0.05), anti-social (ß=0.084, t=3.055, p &lt;0.05) and cyber (ß=0.046, t=2.815, p&lt;0.05) had a significant influence on level of self-esteem.</span>

Bullying is a negative behavior toward an individual or a group of individuals that is considered weak. The Ministry of Education Malaysia says that the types of bullying that is common in Malaysian schools are physical, verbal, anti-social and cyber bullying. Accordingly, this study aims to examine factorial validity on bullying in Malaysian secondary school context. This quantitative approach with cross sectional survey method study was conducted in 3 secondary schools with 140 students randomly selected. 12 sets of questionnaires from previous researchers were transformed into a set of questionnaire to measure the domain of bullying by category. The data analysis of this study involves descriptive statistics analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The result showed that 4 factors of bullying which explained 68% of variance. The four types of bullying are (i) physical bullying explained by 4 items, (ii) verbal bullying reflected by 4 items, (iii) anti-social explained by 4 items and (iv) cyber bullying explained by 3 items. The results also revealed that there was a difference between physical and verbal bullying and cyber bullying based on gender (p <0.05), there was no difference between anti-social bullying by gender (p> 0.05), there was no difference between anti-social bullying and no differences between physical (p <0.05), verbal and cyber bullying by age (p> 0.05).

The problem and the aims of the study. Every student should not be afraid to go to school because of harassment and parents should not be worried that their children will be bullied while at school. This study aimed to examine whether gender influences Malaysian school students of being bullies or bully victims. Research methods. The design of a cross sectional survey using a questionnaire for the data collection process to identify the influence between the study variables was conducted. Dependent study variables consisted of bullies (physical, verbal, anti-social & cyber) and bully victims (physical, verbal, anti-social & cyber). While the independent variable was gender (male & female). A total of 700 samples were involved in this study consisting of students aged 13, 14 and 16 years (students aged 15 and 17 years were not involved in the study as they were national examination candidates). A set of questionnaires containing 61 items measuring four constructs of bullying (physical, verbal, anti-social & cyber) as well as 60 items measuring four constructs of bully victims. The sample consisted of 349 males (49.9%) and 351 females (50.1%). Results. Independent t-test analysis as a whole showed that there was a significant difference in the tendency to be a bully among students based on gender, t (689) = 2.69, p <.05. Data showed male students were more likely to be bullies than female students. The finding of an independent sample t-test showed that there was no significant difference in the tendency to be a bully victim among students based on gender t(689) = 1.23, p > .05. However, there was a tendency to become bully victims among students based on gender for the categories of physical bullying (p <.05, p = .000) and cyber bullying (p <.05, p = .015). In conclusion students' tendency to become bullies and bully victims can occur among male or female students. Every individual should have the right to be free from being oppressed or deliberately humiliated either in school or in society.