Sobir, Poerwanto R, Santosa E, Sinaga S, Mansyah E (2011) Genetic variability in apomictic mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) and its close relatives (Garcinia spp.) based on ISSR markers. Biodiversitas 12: 59-63. In order to reveal phylogenetic relationship of mangosteen and several close relatives (Garcinia spp.), we employed seven ISSR dinucleotide primer systems on eleven close relatives of mangosteen and 28 mangosteen accessions from four islands in Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan and Lombok). ISSR analysissuccessfully amplified 43 bands on average 6.1 fragments for each primer system, and these all fragments were polymorphic. Seven close relatives of mangosteen were separated with mangosteen accessions at 0.22 level of dissimilarity, while other four including G. malaccensis, were clustered with mangosteen accessions, this results supported proposal that G. malaccensis was allopolyploid derivative of mangosteen. Clustering pattern among mangosteen accessions, however, not represented their origin, indicated that distribution of the accessions was not linked to their genetic properties.

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) belongs to a large genus of Garcinia that native in South East Asia, as well as Indonesia, and in order evaluate genetics diversity of mangosteen and their close relatives, we employed isoenzyme and AFLP marker on 13 accessions of mangosteen and their close relatives. Isoenzyme marker using four enzyme systems produced 25 bands and 88% out of them were polymorphic and elucidate genetic variability at similarity level ranged between 0.38-0.89. AFLP markers with three primer system produced 220 polymorphic bands and revealed genetic variability at similarity level ranged between 0.38-0.89 successfully produced high polymorphism bands and elucidates genetic variability at similarity coefficient ranged between 0.21-0.77. Both markers exhibited similar clustering pattern, and group successfully G. mangostana accessions in one clustering group. Furthermore G. malaccensis and G. porrecta consistently showed closer genetic relationship to G. mangostana clustering group in both markers, in comparison to G. hombroniana, which implies the assumption they may be the progenitor of G. mangostana, and should be reviewed with more accurate data.

Indonesia was known to have high diversity of mangosteens (Garcinia mangostana) and the related species. In order to elucidate the genetics variability of the diversity, thirty three accessions were examined by using isozyme analysis. The genetic diversity and relationships among several mangosteens and other Garcinia sp were established by using four isozymes. The level of polymorphism as revealed by isoenzyme was 88%. Although mangosteen is believed to reproduce exclusively through apomixis, our result show that considerable genetic diversity exists within G. mangostana and between other Garcinia species. Based on 27 bands there were 5-42% dissimilarity level among mangosteen accessions, while the other species has 75% dissimilarity. The dendrogram is built based on isozyme marker analysis to separate clusters of mangosteen and other Garcinia sp. The data showed that G. mangostana is a close relative of G. malaccensis, G. porrecta, G. celebica, and G. hombroniana. The concurrence analysis on isozyme analysis result showed the very good fit of Rolf correlation value (0.914). This result indicated that isozymes could group G.mangostana and the related species.

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Based on the results of observations of learning activities carried out on students in junior high school, it is known that students' science process skills are still relatively low. In addition, students' understanding of concepts on the topic of environmental pollution is still low. The purpose of this study was to describe the effect of predict-observe-explain (POE) based problem model on students’s conceptual mastery and science process skills in learning environmental pollution. The method that was used in this research was pre-experiment and the design was one-group pretest-posttest. Sample of the research were took from one class, namely class VII in a junior high school in Kasongan, Katingan Regency, Central Kalimantan. The instruments used for the research were: (1) achievement test and (2) the science process skills observation sheet. The result showed that there was an improvement in students’ conceptual mastery in learning environmental pollution, indicated by average normalized gain of 0,68. Science process skills of students in environmental pollution topic through POE based problem model gained an average of good category. Therefore, the indicator of science process skills with highest score was the prediction and collecting data aspect, while the lowest score was communicating aspect. From this research can be conclude  that applyng the POE based problem model can improve students’ learning outcomes and also give positive effect on students’ science process skills,especially on the topic of environmental pollution