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ABSTRAK

Background: Solid waste from coffee depulping process threatens the organism in environment as it produces organic pollutants. Evidence suggested that coffee by-product could valorize owing to its potential as antioxidant sources. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate antioxidant activity of coffee by-products obtained from different coffee variants (arabica and robusta) and processing methods. Methods: The systematic review was conducted as of May 29, 2021 for records published within the last ten years (2011–2021) using seven databases: Embase, Medline, BMJ, Web of Science, Science Direct, Cochrane, and PubMed. Data on type of specimen, processing methods, and antioxidant activities were collected based on PRISMA guidelines. Results: Our data suggested that aqueous extract was found to be the most common processing method used to obtain the antioxidant from various coffee by-products, followed by methanol and ethanol extract. A variety of antioxidant properties ranging from strong to low activity was found depending on the variety, type of coffee by-products (cascara, pulp, husk, silverskin, and parchment), and processing technique. Fermentation employing proper bacteria was found effective in improving the yield of bioactive compounds resulting in higher antioxidant capacity. Applications in feedstuffs, foods, beverages, and topical formulation are among the potential utilization of coffee by-products. Conclusion: Coffee by-products contain bioactive compounds possessing antioxidant properties which could be used as additives in foods, beverages, and cosmetics. In particular, their benefits in skin care products require further investigation.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan proses penyelesaian masalah soal PISA pada siswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif. Subjek penelitian ini siswa kelas VIII A SMP Negeri 1 Teras berjumlah 28 siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah metode tes, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Pada penelitian ini keabsahan data menggunakan teknik triangulasi dengan membandingkan data hasil tes, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data kuantitatif menggunakan reduksi, penyajian hingga penarikan kesimpulan disesuaikan dengan langkah-langkah Polya. Hasil penelitian ini diperoleh kesimpulan siswa berkemampuan tinggi dapat memenuhi semua indikator dalam penyelesaian soal secara maksimal, siswa berkemampuan sedang dan rendah tidak konsisten dalam melakukan tahapan penyelesaian soal sehingga kurang maksimal.