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The present paper is an endeavour to get in the brutal social practices against scheduled caste (SC) women in India utilizing state-level information over the period of nearly two decades, that is, 2001–2019. Besides law enforcement and punishment, there can be other compelling instruments for controlling rape against SC women. The result proposes interstate disparity in rape rate. Rape against SC women may be controlled with higher economic growth, education and expanding expenditure on police. The DEMARU states are still found slacking behind in controlling rape of SC women.

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In the conventional second order, single bit, discrete ΔΣ Modulator (DSM), the sampling of input signal and DSM operation is performed at the same frequency. In this conventional DSM, signal to noise ratio (SNR) starts falling down rapidly when the modulus of normalized input signal is above 0.47. The integrators output become arbitrarily large which make the system unstable by saturating the operational amplifiers used in the circuit. There are recent papers in which the modulus of normalized input signal can be increased up to 0.7. In the present paper, a second order DSM with different sampling frequency and DSM clock frequency is proposed. The operating period of the proposed DSM is proportional to the sampled analog input signal. The proposed DSM can operate for the full range of normalized input signal (−1 to +1), has better signal to noise ratio (SNR) in the higher range and can be realized using cmos circuit of supply voltage ²1.5 V. The maximum bound on the integrators outputs is 1.5 V. The proposed DSM has unidirectional output and the oscillation at the output for zero input is no longer present and these properties are essential to drive stepper motors which are the actuators for control valves in industry. In the output spectrum near the signal frequency, the noise level is well below the signal level. The proposed DSM results in low power, stable full range operation with better SNR and power spectral density (PSD).

<p class="zhengwen"><span lang="EN-GB">Passenger safety in vehicles is the primary concern and hence Vehicle detection for providing enough safety information for Driver Assistant System (DAS) become popular among researchers. Many approaches use differe</span><span lang="EN-GB">nt types of information such as shadow, edge, light, to detect the vehicles. Here vision based vehicle detection techniques were summarized. Following topics discussed below, camera placement and the various applications of monocular vehicle detection, common features and common classification methods, motion- based approaches and nighttime vehicle detection and monocular pose estimation. </span></p>