MetaLa représentation des connaissances ; son apport à l'étude du processus de traduction RÉSUMÉCet article fait un survol des études cognitives traitant de l'organisation et de la représen-tation des connaissances tant pour la lecture que la traduction. Nous postulons que l'enseignement de la traduction vise à amener l'apprenant au niveau de l'expert, que le processus de traduction est perfectible et que la traduction sera améliorée si l'enseignant et l'apprenant ciblent les méthodes et les stratégies inhérentes à la tâche. Parmi les savoir-faire pertinents, nous traitons en fin d'article de la structuration des informations sous forme de carte conceptuelle. ABSTRACTThis paper is a survey of cognitive studies dealing with the organization and the representation of knowledge in the tasks of both reading and translating, in the field of expertise development. We postulate that the didactics of translation aims to bring the learner to the expert level and that the performance can be improved when methods and strategies are specifically targeted and taught. Among the know-hows pertaining to the task, this paper develops the use of conceptual maps as a means to maximize and structure knowledge and information dealt with in the text. MOTS-CLÉS/KEYWORDSorganisation des connaissances, carte conceptuelle, stratégie, enseignement de la traduction INTRODUCTIONDans cet article, nous examinons l'importance de la représentation des connaissances en traduction. Nous avançons l'idée que l'usage des représentations conceptuelles (schémas, cartes conceptuelles) peut faciliter la compréhension et la traduction (lexique, rhétorique discursive) et favoriser l'accumulation du savoir dans les domaines de spécialité.Selon l'approche cognitive, le processus de traduction se définit essentiellement par le traitement de l'information contenue dans le texte à traduire et par sa mise en relation avec les connaissances antérieures (linguistiques et extralinguistiques). Le traducteur est dans la situation de l'apprenant face à un nouveau texte : « when a learner acquires knowledge from a text, the cognitive representations generated are not those of the text but rather of the objects, states, events, actions and relations represented in the text » (Denhière et Baudet 1991 : 159). Le principal apport des sciences cogniMeta, L, 2, 2005

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Abstract. We present a new platform, "Regulus Lite", which supports rapid development and web deployment of several types of phrasal speech translation systems using a minimal formalism. A distinguishing feature is that most development work can be performed directly by domain experts. We motivate the need for platforms of this type and discuss three specific cases: medical speech translation, speech-to-sign-language translation and voice questionnaires. We briefly describe initial experiences in developing practical systems.

We describe the adaptation for Arabic of the grammar-based MedSLT medical speech system. The system supports simple medical diagnosis questions about headaches using vocabulary of 322 words. We show that the MedSLT architecture based on motivated general grammars produces very good results, with a limited effort. Based on the grammars for other languages covered by the system, it is in fact very easy to develop an Arabic grammar and to specialize it efficiently for the different system tasks. In this paper, we focus on generation.

The present study uses the notion of frames as a model of concept representation to map the investigation process in three criminal justice realities: the Algerian, Egyptian and French Criminal Procedure. Specifically, the mapping of the investigating process is carried out with the aim of examining conceptual variations when national laws interact with one another and highlighting problems of contextualization in translation. The study shows that, when considering legal translation from an international perspective, all instances of reciprocal connection between laws and international multilingual legal communication should be examined in order to present relevant contextual variables in translation. This approach brings to light specificities at the procedural level that the legal translator and legal expert must be aware of in determining the translation situation, if conceptual inaccuracies, terminological discrepancies and awkward calques are to be avoided.