Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field of biomedicine that is being used to develop a new tissue or restore the function of diseased tissue/organ. The main objective of tissue engineering is to overcome the shortage of donor organs. Tissue engineering is mainly based on three components i.e. cells, scaffold and growth factors. Among these three components, scaffold is a primary influencing factor that provides the structural support to the cells and helps to deliver the growth factors which stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of cells to regenerate a new tissue. The properties of a scaffold mainly depend upon types of biomaterial and fabrication techniques that are used to fabricate the scaffold. Biofabrication facilitates the construction of three-dimensional complex of living (cells) and non-living (signaling molecules and extracellular matrices polymers etc.) components. Biofabrication has potential application especially in skin and bone tissue regeneration due to its accuracy, reproducibility and customization of scaffolds as well as cell and signaling molecule delivery. In this review article, different types of biomaterials and fabrication techniques have been discussed to fabricate of a nanofibrous scaffold along with different types of cells and growth factor which are used for tissue engineering applications to regenerate a new tissue. Among different techniques to fabricate a scaffold, electrospinning is simple and cost effective technique that has been mainly focused in the review to produce nanofibous scaffold. On the other hand, a tissue might be repair itself and restore to its normal function inside the body by applying the principle of regenerative medicine.

Clitoria ternatea is a perennial herb of India which is reported to possess several therapeutic properties. It is also found in China, Philippines and Madagascar. It is a vigorous, persistent, herbaceous perennial legume. Most of the plant parts are reported to possess therapeutic properties. In the traditional system of medicine, Clitoria ternatea has been utilized for treatment of worm infestation, infertility, skin problems, tonsillitis, cough, asthma traditionally etc. In the present study, fifty percent hydromethanolic extract of leaf of Clitoria ternatea (CTE) was prepared and subjected to various biochemical qualitative tests and GC-MS analysis to detect the presence of various phytoconstituents in CTE. Biochemical tests confirmed the presence of various phytochemicals viz., saponins, resins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, etc. GC-MS analysis revealed the occurrence of thirty compounds in CTE. The main phyto-composition of Clitoria ternatea is predicted to be Butyl-2-methyl-propylphthalate (20.11%), Butyl-2-methylpropylphthalate (10.39%), Butylocty-lphthalate (11.29%), Diisononylphthalate (3.54%) etc., whereas, Butyl-2-ethyl-hexyl-phthalate was major phytoconstituents with 30.19% of total constituents. Thus it could be inferred that the therapeutic potential of CTE is because of different phytochemicals present in the extract prepared.

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Herbal remedies have been extensively used since times immemorial throughout the world. These have wide acceptability due to their time-tested therapeutic values and minimal side effects in contrast to modern allopathic medicines. Commonly, the herbal medicines are available in the form of crude extracts prepared in different solvent systems which might not only need large dose administration but also could be less effective in the form of conventional formulations. Moreover, available phytoformulations do not have the ability for specific tissue target delivery in case of different chronic diseases. Oral administration of these herbal formulations is subjected to adverse pH, enzymatic degradation and ultimately poor gut absorption and bioavailability. With the advancements in biotechnology, genomics, and combinatorial chemistry, new, more potent and specific drug delivery systems have been envisaged during the last few decades. Constraints associated with conventional phytopharmaceuticals have been improved by designing and using -Nano Delivery Systems‖ (NDS). The foremost aim of NDS is to provide sustained drug release, site-specific action, and improved patient's compliance. Nano herbal medicines can be used to target them to the specific site in the body which improves their selectivity, solubility, delivery, safety, effectiveness and thus reduces the need for

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