Aim:The objective of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic characteristics of umbilical vessels in healthy pregnant Beetal goats.Materials and Methods:Doppler examinations were performed from day 20 to 120 of gestation, twice in week from day 20 to 60 and once in week from day 60 to 120 of gestation on six goats.Results:Free floating umbilical cord was identified on day 39 of gestation. The umbilical cord waveform was characterized by the simultaneous presence of arterial and venous flow. The pattern of blood flow in the umbilical artery was represented as saw tooth pattern above the baseline. Pattern of blood flow in umbilical vein was flat and wavy in nature; presented below the baseline. Peak systolic velocity (PSV) increased significantly from day 39 to 67 and further between 98 and 120 days of gestation (p<0.05), but there was no significant increase or decrease in end-diastolic velocity (EDV). Pulsatility index (PI) value was increased significantly during 42 to 48 days of gestation and decreased significantly from 98 to 105 days of gestation. On other days, there was no significant increase or decrease. Value of resistance index (RI) was more stable than PI values as there was no significant increase or decrease in RI value.Conclusions:From the present study, it is reasonable to conclude that the normal blood flow parameters like PI, RI, PSV and EDV during gestation might be helpful in assessment of antenatal development of fetus in the goat. This work provides the basis for further contribution in diagnosing and monitoring high-risk pregnancy in this species.

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Background: Hysteroscopy first described by Panteleoni in 1869 has evolved into a standard procedure for the diagnosis and treatment of intrauterine pathologies such as polyps, fibroids, septae, adhesions, evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding, evaluation and treatment of infertility, removal of an intrauterine device or foreign body. Present study was carried out to compare the efficacy and complications different doses of vaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening10-12 hours before diagnostic hysteroscopy.Methods: It was a prospective and interventional, double-blinded randomized comparative study. Sixty women, fulfilling the inclusion criteria, requiring diagnostic hysteroscopy for evaluation of infertility were enrolled. The study subjects randomly received either 200μg (group 1) or 400μg (group 2) of vaginal misoprostol 10-12 hours before hysteroscopy with equal number of subjects in both the groups. Hysteroscopy was performed with a standard rigid 6 mm and 300 hysteroscope. The largest dilator that could be inserted without resistance was recorded as the baseline cervical dilatation. The ease of dilatation was recorded on a 5 point LIKERT scale. Procedural time was measured as time taken from the beginning of cervical dilatation to the visualisation of the uterine cavity.Results: The mean base line cervical width in group 1 was 6.41±0.29 mm while in group 2 it was 6.43±0.21 mm (p=0.084). In group 1, 26.6% patients had very easy entry, 53.4% had easy entry while in group 2, 30% patients had very easy entry, 43.4% had easy entry. The mean procedural time 35.5±6.9 seconds in group 1 and 33.2±6.8 seconds in group 2 (p=0.212). Adverse effects like abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, shivering and fever  were observed more often in group 2 compared to group 1(p=0.038).Conclusions: Two hundred microgram of vaginal misoprostol is safer and equally effective as 400 μg for cervical ripening when used 10-12 hours before diagnostic hysteroscopy.

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