This article presents the main values for which 106 sites have been nominated for inclusion on the World Heritage List. The article then analyses how these values have been used for the representation of the nation, the past and cultural diversity and the construction of national collective identities. The exclusions of specific themes and groups of the population as well as their histories and values from these representations are highlighted. Finally, international efforts that aim to relocate these themes and subjects from a marginal to a more central position within official discourses on World Heritage are detailed.

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Herit age meets global tourismYear after year, the tourism and travel industries proudly present global stausncs showing steady increases in international tourist arrivals and receipts (UNWTO 2008), and a growing contribution to the world total GNP (WTTC 2008). Even if

List of figures and tables vi List of acronyms and initialisms viii Acknowledgements x 1 Introduction 1 2 International approaches from 1970 to the turn of the millennium 24 3 International approaches from 2000 onwards 55 4 Project design and management 80 5 Poverty reduction: local economic growth, tourism development and capacity building 6 Gender equality and the empowerment of women 7 Environmental sustainability Conclusions and recommendations: is another world possible? References Index vi List of figures and tables 1.1 Map of Mozambique with the locations of the activities. Original map courtesy of www.freevectormaps.com, revised by Francesca Giliberto. 1.2 Map of Senegal with the locations of the activities. Original map courtesy of www.freevectormaps.com, revised by Francesca Giliberto. 1.3 Map of Namibia with the locations of the activities. Original map courtesy of www.freevectormaps.com, revised by Francesca Giliberto. 1.4 Map of Ethiopia with the locations of the activities. Original map courtesy of www.freevectormaps.com, revised by Francesca Giliberto. 5.1 Hut for artists and artisans, community village of Bandafassi (November 2019).