Hydroxyapatite is generally utilized in medical fields especially as a substitute to bone and teeth. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles have been succesfully synthesized from green mussel shells as a source of calcium carbonate by hydrothermal method. The green mussel shells were calcined, hydrated, and undergone carbonation to form Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC). The PCC of shells was then added with (NH4)2HPO4 with the mole ratio of Ca/P = 1.67. Hydrothermal reaction was carried out at 160oC with variations of the holding time (14, 16, and 18 hrs). The formation of hydroxyapatite was characterized using XRD and SEM-EDX. The XRD patterns showed that the products were hydroxyapatite crystals. The morphology of hydroxyapatite observed using SEM showed that the crystal uniformity of hydroxyapatite. The best result was obtained at 18 hrs holding time of hydrothermal because the hydroxyapatite produced has the highest purity without any impurities phase.
Kebutuhan akan energi semakin meningkat seiring bertambahnya populasi manusia. Upaya mencari sumber energi baru terus dilakukan termasuk sumber Energi Baru Terbarukan (EBT). Salah satu yang banyak dikaji dan diteliti dan dikembangkan adalah biomassa dimana di antara produk dari energi bersumber dari biomassa adalah briket arang tempurung kelapa. Permintaan briket arang tempurung kelapa semakin meningkat terutama dari luar negeri. Namun sebagian produk briket arang tempurung kelapa ternyata tidak diterima di pasaran luar negeri bahkan dalam negeri juga ada yang menolak dikarenakan kualitas tidak memenuhi standar. Briket arang tempurung kelapa mempunyai persyaratan mutu pasar yang dituju seperti untuk Indonesia berdasarkan standar SNI. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik briket arang produksi salah satu perusahaan briket arang di Jawa tengah, berdasarkan standar SNI No.1/6235/2000. Parameter proses produksi yang diuji yaitu kadar air dan pengujian hasil produksi briket yaitu berupa geometri, densitas, kadar abu, kadar karbon, nilai kalor, dan kadar zat menguap. Hasil yang didapat adalah briket belum lolos standar SNI No.1/6235/2000 untuk parameter kadar karbon. Sedangkan pada kadar air, kadar abu, nilai kalor, dan kadar zat menguap telah memenuhi standar SNI yang menjadi acuan.
Kata kunci: arang tempurung kelapa, briket, EBT, kualitas, SNI
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