Context: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a common crippling gynaecological condition with vast financial implications. A structured approach for establishing the cause using the FIGO defined PALM-COEIN (Polyp, Adenomyosis, Leiomyoma, Malignancy (and hyperplasia), Coagulopathy, Ovulatory disorders, Endometrial, Iatrogenic and Not otherwise classified) classification system will facilitate accurate diagnosis and inform treatment options. Aims and objectives: 1. Clinico-pathological evaluation of patients presenting with chronic AUB. 2. Etiological stratification of patients with chronic AUB in accordance to PALM-COEIN Classification. 3. To determine frequency of various uterine histopathological findings and their associated etiologies in the population of Nalgonda district.

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Back ground: Spinal SOLs are quite fascinating group of lesions, comprising a minority of central nervous system lesions often resulting in significant morbidity. There is paucity of comprehensive population-based data of these SOLs in Indian subcontinent.    Material and methods: The present study was a retrospective descriptive study conducted at the department of pathology, Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences for 3 years starting from January 2017 to December 2019.   Results: We analyzed eighty-nine spinal SOLs during the study period. Spinal neoplasms encompassed the largest number accounting for 70.7% of total spinal SOLs. Majority were reported in the 20-40 years’ age group with predominant male preponderance except for universal phenomenon of female predominance in meningioma. Back pain was the most common clinical presentation. Among spinal neoplasms, NSTs comprising of schwannoma and neurofibroma, was the most common finding and spinal tuberculosis was the most common non-neoplastic SOL. Majority of benign spinal tumors were distributed in the intradural extra medullary location and involved thoracic vertebrae. Malignant tumors predominantly involved extradural location and were clustered along thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Measure of agreement between radiological and histopathological diagnosis using kappa statistics revealed almost perfect agreement for extradural spinal SOLs and moderate agreement for intradural intramedullary and intradural extra medullary SOLs.   Conclusion: Comprehensive evaluation of spinal SOLs warrants multidisciplinary approach. Rapid advancements in radiology optimised diagnostic evaluation of non-neoplastic SOLs, however we conclude that histopathological evaluation is still the gold standard for diagnosis of primary spinal cord tumours and for planning the treatment and predicting prognosis.

For many years Testicular biopsy was considered the gold standard for diagnosis in men with unexplained infertility. However recent guidelines have limited the indications for a diagnostic testicular biopsy and there is paradigm shift towards prognostic and therapeutic significance. Aims 1. To re-evaluate the role of testicular biopsy in male factor infertility and guide in planning the management protocols. 2. To identify potential candidates who would benefit from assisted reproductive techniques. Settings and Design: The present study was conducted at the Department of pathology, Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences, Narketpally over a period of 3 years, starting from June 2015 to June 2018. This study was a prospective study. Material and Methods: This study involved schematic evaluation of cases with male infertility which included clinical history, physical examination, semen analysis, hormone analysis, radiological evaluation (Scrotal and trans-rectal Ultrasonography) for obstructive etiology and finally testicular biopsy. Histomorphology of Testicular biopsy specimens were analyzed and the results were documented. Statistical analysis used: Simple percentages and Graphical representation of the data. Results: Testicular biopsy done in 71 patients revealed Hypo-spermatogenesis as the most common histological finding. Second most common abnormality reported was Sertoli cell only syndrome/Germ cell aplasia. Majority of cases of Varicocele, inguinal hernia and radiologically documented obstructive cases revealed normal spermatogenesis. And using microsurgical assisted reproduction techniques, sperms were retrieved from all cases of Hypo-spermatogenesis. Sperm retrieval rates were 70% and 31.3% in maturation arrest and Sertoli cell only syndrome respectively. Conclusions: Testicular biopsy in the management of Male factor infertility carries prognostic significance. In patients with obstructive azoospermia, presence of normal spermatogenesis and hypospermatogenesis carries good prognosis as surgical repair of the defects recovers fertility in majority of cases. In cases with non-obstructive azoospermia with findings of hypo-spermatogenesis, Sertoli cell only syndrome and maturation arrest, testicular biopsy predicts the chances of sperm retrieval by microsurgical TESE for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and thus carries prognostic and therapeutic significance.

Ewing's sarcoma is a rare aggressive tumor common in bone or skeletal component.Primary Intradural Extra-medullary Extra-Osseous Ewing sarcoma of cervical spine is extremely rare malignant neoplasm and only few cases have been reported in the literature.There is a paucity of data regarding the clinical features, natural course, pre-operative diagnosis, treatment modalities and post-operative management. Herein, we report a case of a 22-year-old man who presented with inability to walk and numbness in both lower limbs. MRI findings suggested a possibility of nerve sheath tumor but was diagnosed as Intradural Extra-skeletal Ewing sarcoma on histopathological analysis.The literature with regard to primary spinal intradural extra-skeletal Ewing sarcoma was reviewed.