The article presents a synthetic molecular characterization of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and describes the most important community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) clones that circulate nowadays in the world: the main molecular and epidemiological characteristics, as well as notions related to the clinic of infections produced by these clones and their antibiotic resistance spectrum.The predominant clone of CA-MRSA in North America is USA300 – ST8-IV in North America, in Australia – Queensland (Qld) MRSA (ST93-IV), in Europe – ST80-IV, in Asia there is a high heterogeneity of clones population, in Africa the distribution of CA-MRSA clones is unclear, and in South America – USA 1100 and USA300-Latin American variant are predominant.The molecular diagnosis is performed by highly specialized institutions. The knowledge of clones allows the study of antibiotic resistance spectrum for each one, a fact of great importance for medical practice. Molecular epidemiology of the CA-MRSA shows that lowly restricted sales of antibiotics in shops and pharmacies, as well as medical prescribing practices without a laboratory investigation, especially in Eastern Europe and Asia, contribute to the development of new MRSA clones with increased resistance to antibiotics.

Among esthetic procedures, teeth whitening is a common and often used treatment for patients who seek good teeth appearance. We developed an experimental green tea extract and an experimental green tea gel for enamel restoring treatment after bleaching. We also tested the antibacterial and antifungal effect of the experimental extract against specific endodontic and cariogenic microorganisms. The green tea extract antibacterial action was determined by the disk-diffusion method using Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (ATCC27337), Corynebacterium xerosis (ATCC 373), Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) strains. Enamel microstructure was investigated by SEM analysis, and surface details were revealed by AFM. The inhibition zones around the wells showed evident antimicrobial activity of the experimental extract. In the presence of Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), the extract showed no antifungal activity. The enamel’s surface roughness and hydroxyapatite prism aspects were the parameters followed throughout the study. The experimental green tea extract is efficient against some microorganisms commonly found in the oral cavity. However, the studied extract had no antifungal effect. The results show that after bleaching with the experimental gel, we obtained the best surface parameters, similar to healthy enamel.

(1) Background: This paper aims to provide a description of non-faecalis non-faecium enterococci isolated from a tertiary care hospital in Romania and to briefly review the existing literature regarding the involvement of Enterococcus raffinosus, Enterococcus durans and Enterococcus avium in human infections and their antimicrobial resistance patterns; (2) Methods: We retrospectively analyzed all Enteroccocus species isolated from the “Prof. Dr. O. Fodor” Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology from Cluj-Napoca during one year focusing on non-faecalis non-faecium Enterococci. A brief review of the literature was performed using case reports involving Enterococcus raffinosus, Enterococcus durans and Enterococcus avium; (3) Results: Only 58 out of 658 Enteroccocus isolates were non-faecalis non-faecium and met the inclusion criteria. These species were isolated more often (p < 0.05) from the surgical ward from mixed etiology infections with E. coli. In our review, we included 39 case reports involving E. raffinosus, E. durans and E. avium; (4) Conclusions: Isolation of non-faecalis non-faecium enterococci displays an emerging trend with crucial healthcare consequences. Based on the analysis of the case reports, E. avium seems to be involved more often in neurological infections, E. durans in endocarditis, while E. raffinosus displays a more heterogenous distribution.

Commensal/ooportunistic bacteria pathogens have been implicated severally in bacteremia and knee-joint infection.Methods & Materials: Fresh samples of feces (n = 65) were obtained from a group of invading cattle egrets (≈ 1000) on trees in Vom, Nigeria. These egrets were not deterred by efforts at tree-trimming. Samples were enriched in tryptone-soy broth and plated on MacConkey agar using standard procedures. All positive cultures were sub-cultured on cefixime-rhamnose-sorbitol Mac-Conkey agar (selective medium) and antibiogram was carried out using diffusion disc with 7 different antibiotics.Results: E. coli (n = 58) and Micrococcus spp. (n = 13) were isolated from the faecal material following enrichment. The pooled E. coli colonies were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin (+++), Chloramphenicol (+++), Streptomycin (+), Clindamycin (+) and Tetracycline (+) but was resistant to Vancomycin VA (30) and Vancomycin VA (5).The Micrococcus spp was sensitive to Ciprofloxacin (+++), Vancomycin VA (30) (++) and Vancomycin VA (5) (+) but resistant to Streptomycin, Clindamycin, Tetracycline and Chloramphenicol.Conclusion: Food animal production processes in Africa is particularly opened to abuse of antibiotics with stockmen often treating their cattle without recourse to veterinarians. Since the ecology of cattle egrets and trans-humance cattle are similar with shared environment, food sources, watering points and movement patterns, it is highly likely that drugs and medicaments are also shared by these species inadvertently. While this work has shown evidence of resistant organisms in fecal materials in cattle egret, more studies will become necessary to identify the potential epidemiologic role these species pose in spreading resistant organisms to poultry and other livestock.