Caseins, which are contained in milk, play a significant role in the development of clinical symptoms of allergic reactions in adults and children. To date, the properties of caseins have been studied, their primary structure has been identified. However, despite available scientific reviews and original articles, an issue of the structural organization of milk casein micelles and their biological functions is still very controversial. In this regard, the proposed review is relevant, since it most fully reflects current information about various types of caseins, their physicochemical and immunobiological properties, and analyzes in detail the existing theories on the structural organization of casein micelles. Of particular interest in our review are the data on the comparative analysis of the structure and properties of caseins in both human breast milk and cow’s milk, as well as the section dealing with the allergenic activity of cow’s milk caseins and their cross-reactivity with milk proteins of other mammalian species. The objective of this review is to summarize current data on the structure and properties of casein proteins, and to determine their role in the formation of sensitization to dairy products.

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This review is intended to familiarize readers with major novel directions of developing allergy vaccines, their structure, as well as the mechanisms of forming a new immunological response in the course of the treating immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic diseases. Currently, science offers a huge variety of new experimental forms of recombinant allergens with reduced allergenic activity and increased immunogenicity, or vice-versa, immune tolerance. Often, the mechanisms of their effect on the immune system are not fully understood. Scientific publications, including reviews covering this topic, allowed us identifying top priority areas in the development of allergy vaccines: recombinant hypoallergenic allergen derivatives, T cell epitope-based allergy vaccines, and B cell epitope-based allergy vaccines. In addition, the review discusses use of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) vaccines. Immunotherapy with DNA vaccines is the newest and least studied method of treating allergic diseases.

Background. Knowledge of the structure and particularity of sensitization in the region allows us to choose the correct tactics of treatment and prevention of atopic reactions. Objective. To study the structure of sensitization to inhalation allergens in Moscow and Moscow region since 2009 to 2017 and to determine significance of sensitization to house dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) and Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f) in it. Methods. Blood serum of Moscow region patients with atopy (n=2546) was examined by RIDA AllergyScreen method in the period from 2009 to 2017. Results. The allergosensitisation structure was determined. It was revealed that there was no decreasing of the frequency of house dust mites (Der р and Der f) sensitization in observation period. The features of monovalent, polyvalent and combined sensitization among patients with IgE reactions to Der р and Der f were analyzed. Conclusions. According to our research 20% of patients with atopy in Moscow region have sensitization to Der р and/or Der f. The percentage of allergosensitisation to Der р is higher than to Der f. Most often house dust mites sensitization combined with pollen sensitization.

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